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UNIV. OF
TORONTO
LIBRARY
CATALOGUE
OF
LOPHOBRANCHIATE FISH
IN
THE COLLECTION
OF THE
BRITISH MUSEUM.
BY
J. J. KAUP, Ph.D. &c.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
1856.
FRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,
PREFACE.
TuE object of this Catalogue is to give a description of all
the species of Lophobranchous Fishes in the Collection of
the British Museum, with an indication of their history
and origin, and an account of the species to be found in
other Collections which are desiderata to the National
Museum.
Dr. Kaup observes that, “If my work has any value, it
is chiefly owing to the liberality and great kindness of Pro-
fessor Duméril, Director Temminck, Dr. Heckel, Dr. Riip-
pell, Professor Lichtenstein, and Dr. Krauss, who most
kindly transmitted all the specimens of this Order from the
French, Leyden, Vienna, Frankfort, Berl, and Stuttgardt
Museums, that I might compare them with the specimens
in the British Museum, which has given me the means of
comparing more than 2000 specimens of these fishes to-
gether, an advantage which no other Ichthyologist has
hitherto enjoyed. From these sources I have been able to
determine and describe ninety-five species, and to indicate
one which appears to be distinct from any which has come
under my examination. Of these ninety-five, fifty-three
are to be found in two or more of the above-named collec-
tions ; and of the other species, nineteen are peculiar to the
iv PREFACE.
French, ten to the Leyden, seven to the Vienna, four to
the British, and two to the Berlin Museums.
«Although I have described five or six times as many
species as any of my predecessors, I am certain that here-
after we shall find a great number of new species, as the
species of the West Coasts of Africa and America, and the
shores of Australia and the Pacific Ocean are almost un-
known to us, and there are evidently many gaps in the
families and genera. Indeed our best works on Natural
History must always be regarded as imperfect.
“You desired that I should give a list and short cha-
racters of the few species mentioned by preceding writers
which I have not been able to identify with those that have
come under my observation ; but I have not considered this
desirable, as the descriptions are too short, or wanting in
precision, to be of any useful purpose, containing generally
little more than the generic characters, instead of being
comparative and distinctive of the species.”
Sir John Richardson, M.D., F.R.S. &c., has most kindly
compared Dr. Kaup’s translation of the text with the ori-
ginal German version, to prevent any inaccuracies that might
have occurred from Dr. Kaup’s want of knowledge of the
peculiarities of the English language.
JOHN EDWARD GRAY.
May 1, 1856.
CATALOGUE OF FISH.
Order I. LOPHOBRANCHII, Cuvier.
The gills, composed of small round tufts seated on the branchial
arches, are so well hidden by the gill-cover (operculum) that only
a small entrance to them is left in the membrane between the
operculum and breast-ring. The nearly fleshless body is pro-
tected by bony rings. In most of the species the males perform
the function of hatching the eggs, which for that purpose are
deposited up to the time of the evolution of the young, either
between the ventrals [Solenostomus |], or in tail-pouches [ Hippo-
campus], or in pouches on the breast and belly [ Doryrhamphus],
or in rows on the breast and belly [Nerophis], and are thus
carried about by the fish. The egg-pouches may be compared
to birds’ nests, or to the skin-fold in which the Wandering Pen-
guin [Aptenodytes Patagonicus] transports its egg ; and remind
one of the Marsupials among the Mammals.
Fam. 1. Solenostomide, Aaup.
Breast and belly distinctly separated. Mouth perforating the
end of a long, compressed, leaf-lke snout. The gills, which
are covered as in other fish by a cutaneous gill-plate, are wholly
exposed when the plate is raised,
B
to
LOPHOBRANCHII.
Genus 1, SOLENOSTOMUS, (Seba) Lacép. 1803.
Snout sharp-edged on its dorsal and ventral aspects. A
sharp denticulated ridge, passing from the occiput over the
eyes and nostrils, disappears in the acute rostral crest. Surface
of the forehead and occiput showing irregular acutely-edged
lines. Gill-plate having three sharp lines, one of which runs
along the middle. Back and breast acutely ridged; the leathery
skin forms three rings, between which there are lines which m-
crease to irregular folds in descending to the breast. Pectoral
fin broad and short. The belly down to the tail-fin divided inte
rings and armed with three longitudinal rows of short spines.
The first back-fin very long; the second as well as the anal rudi-
mentary. Ventrals and caudal much developed.
In the males an egg-pouch is formed by the union of the
inner borders of the ventrals to the skin of the belly. In the
females the ventrals are free as in other fish.
1, Solenostomus paradoxus.
Solenostomus paradoxus, Lacépéde, Poiss. v. p. 36.
Fistularia paradoxa, Pall. Spicil. Zool. vii. t. 4. f. 6.
Seba, Thes. t. 34. f. 4.
This is one of the strangest forms to be found im the whole
class of fishes. The colour of a large specimen is blackish-brown;
others are yellowish-brown dotted with black, except on the
pectoral, second dorsal and anal. Some of the specimens have
little skinny tags round the mouth and rostral tube, as repre-
sented in Pallas’s figure. Rad—D.5—18orl9; A. 18 or 19;
Cae pe S/S War7:
Dr. Bleeker describes the colours in the following words :—
‘““Corpore roseo, tote nigro punctato ; pinnis roseis ; dorsali
prima inter radium primum et tertium macula magna, pulchra,
cerulea, ventralibus caudalique postice violaceis.”
Five individuals exist in the Paris Museum. An old male,
2 inches long, brought from the Isle of France by M. Lienard ;
a smaller female from the same sea, by the Expedition of Capt.
Duperrey ; a black female from India, presented by Mr. Bosk ;
two young ones from New Guinea, by Quoy and Gaimard. Dr.
Bleeker obtained his specimens in the sea of Hawaii and
Ceram.
LOPHOBRANCHII. 3
Fam. 2. Pegaside.
Breast extraordinarily developed, much broader than high,
with a long pectoral extended on 9-10 firm spine-like rays.
Gill-opening lateral, lying under the flatly expanded gill-plate,
which is depressed to the ventral aspect of the body. The mouth
like that of a Sturgeon, placed at the base of the elongated
upper piece of the snout. The body furnished with three rings,
having knobs or spines. Breast-ring unusually broad, extended
between the two gill-plates, and armed with two spmes, point-
ing forwards near the gill-opening. On the belly two cartila-
ginous ventrals, of two rays, stand out from the narrow ring,
the inner ray being lengthened out into a filament. The tail
is flatly expanded, four-cornered, and spiny, with a dorsal and
anal fin of five rays, standing on 2-4 rings. Tail-fin having 10
firm rays.
Genus 1. PEGASUS, Linn.
Cataphractus, Gronov.
Diagnosis and description of the genus, the same as that of
the family.
1. Pegasus laternarius, Cuv.
Pegasus laternarius, Cuv. R. A. ii. 365.
Diagn.—Spines of the four dorsal edges directed backwards.
Tail with 9-11 rmgs. Body oval.
Descer.—The snout is less elongated, more poniard-shaped,
without a leaf-like appendage. On the under piece of the snout
there appear two distinct, narrow appendages directed down-
wards, and six spmes. The edge of the upper snout-piece is
finely denticulated, with coarser teeth near the point of the ap-
pendage. A medial row of very variable spines exists on the
point of the snout. The orbits have thin expanded borders,
strongly notched before and behind, and denticulated on the
edges. No deep cavities on the concave forehead, or on the
breast-ring nigh the occiput. In the concaye back there are
four longitudinal keels, of which the middle one is formed by
three laterally compressed, short spinous projections pointing
backwards. On the prominent side-lines only two such spines
B2
4 LOPHOBRANCHII.
are evolved. There are no distinct cross lines, such as bound
depressions in P. Draco.
On its under aspect, the head is broader near the gill-plates
than on its upper surface. Of the breast-pieces the median one
is longer and higher than the lateral ones. Posteriorly the two
middle dorsal keels run into the upper equally spinous edge of
the tail, to form one row. On the 2nd, 3rd and 4th tail-rings
there is a lateral spme. The colour is yellowish-brown irregu-
larly speckled. Round blackish spots exist on the large pectoral
fins, and there are four black specks on the silvery eyes.
In the Chinese insect-boxes we often find mdividuals having
a shorter snout and broader body, but in all other respects the
same. These are probably the females.
A great number of specimens exist in the British Museum and
other collections. It is an inhabitant of the Indian and China
Seas.
2. Pegasus natans, Linn.
Pegasus natans et volans, Linn.
Pegasus natans 2 et volans 3, Richardson, Voy. of Sulph.t. 50.
f 0, 10.
Pegasus pristis, Bleeker.
Cataphractus anceps, Gron. Zoophyl. 356. t. 12. f. 2,3; Cat.
144,
Diagn.—Tail composed of twelve rings, of which the last six
are confluent so as to form a long flat piece set on each side
with spines. Body long and stretched out.
Descr.—The elongated, flat, thin snout is furnished on the
under edge of the prominent upper piece with short spines
pointing backwards. In the nasal region there is a median ele-
vated spinous cornice, with one stouter spine. This cornice is
accompanied hy another spinous line which commences at the
hase of the acute border of the orbit. There is also a spine
followed by two little ones at the beginning of the under border
of the orbit. Forehead steep; occiput quite flat, tending to
concave, and traversed by streaks rendered rough by four knobs
on their edges. Body more depressed, and almost wholly flat.
Knobs supporting diverging rays. First six tail rings hexagonal
and spiniferous ; last 3-6, with the exception of the terminal
one, greatly elongated, and so confluent beneath that their
numbers can be reckoned only by their spines. Breast and
belly longer, more flat, without a sharp keel in the middle, and
distmguished from the lateral ones merely by a line somewhat in
relief. Colour yellowish-brown.
LOPHOBRANCHII. 5
I have seen only the dried specimen in the Paris Museum,
which was sent from Java by Leschenault. I believe that the
male has the longer snout, and that the figured specimens are
females. Bloch’s engraving is not consonant with nature.
3. Pegasus Draco, Linn.
Pegasus Draco, Bloch, t. 109. f. 1, 2.
Gronov. Zoophyl. 12. f. 23.
Cataphractus Draco, Gronov. Cat.
Diagn.— Quadrilateral, with deep four-angled dorsal pits bor-
dered with round knobs, and formed by the junction of
round transverse eminences with the longitudinal ones of
the back*.
Descr.—This species is more scarce in collections than the
preceding ones, and seems to vary in its spotting in the males.
In Bloch’s figure the lateral leaf-lke appendages of the snout
appear to be oval; according to others these processes form a
circular disk. The figure in the Zoophyllacium has the snout
fashioned more like that of the preceding ones, and shows late-
rally a projecting edge.
No question has been made of Linnzeus having been acquainted
with P. Draco and natans, but some doubt may be entertaimed
whether he. distinguished the laternarius of Cuvier. Sir John
Richardson gives two figures under the names of volans and na-
tans, without specifically separating them. Schneider, in his
Systema, p. 155, cites the volans of Renard, t. 35. f. 162 (not
102), giving to it the following character :—“ Rostro ensiformi
longitudine thoracis, pellucido, utrinque retrorsum serrato,”*
which agrees with natans, but not with /aternarius.
Fam. 3. Syngnathide, Ap., Bon.
Diagn.—The small gill-opening very narrow, circular, and
placed high up at the extremity of the gill-plate, close to the
compressed occiput. A hinder back-fin only situated near
the anus.
Descr.—Form more elongated, with or without pectorals :
* These pits with denticulated edges are best represented by the
figure which Gronovius gives in his Zoophyllacium, which moreover
exhibits no leaf-like appendages on the snout.
6 LOPHOBRANCHII.
first dorsal and ventrals wanting. Anal fin very small, almost
imperceptible or altogether wanting. The males carry the eggs
in a pouch on the breast and belly, or in one on the tail, or
placed on the skin of the breast and belly in rows. In some
genera there are no egg-pouches, and we are as yet ignorant of
the manner of their propagation. Such are the genera Soleno-
gnathus and Phyllopteryx.
Subfam. 1. HIPPOCAMPINA, Bon.
Diagn.—Tail generally prehensile at the tip, destitute of fins.
Occiput more or less elevated.
Genus 1. HIPPOCAMPUS, Cuv.
Diagn.—The more or less elevated hind-head, with an occipital
bone bearing a coronet surmounted by spines and knobs.
Orbits spiny. Breast-ring with 2 or 3 spines. Body having
from 10 to 13 rmgs more or less spiny. Tail-pouch of
the males formed of thick skin, and opening at its com-
mencement only. Tail prehensile like that of the Chame-
leon.
Descr.—Body heptagonal, laterally compressed ; breast and
belly acutely ndged. The lateral line connected with the under
tail-ridge. The upper tail-ridge reaching as far as the middle of
the dorsal fin ; that fin generally rests on three rings, but in some
species on four, five, or six, of which one or two only belong to
the tail. The quadrangular tail exceeding the body in length.
The spines and knobs on the body are generally more prominent
in the young fish than in the old ones. Within the small opening
of the egg-pouch the anal fin often lies hidden. All the males,
without exception, have this fin, but it is frequently overlooked.
The function of the prehensile tail is to suspend the body after the
manner of the Chameleon or Cebus. Like the Chameleon also,
the Seahorse-fish can direct one eye forwards and the other
backwards. Professor Lichtenstein (Wiegm. Archiv, 1836,
p- 129) observed a circular movement in the water, near the gill-
openings; on the right side the whirl revolved to the left, and
on the left side to the right, the rotation being symmetrical and
constant like that of a Rotifer as seen under the microscope.
The Hippocampi inhabit every sea.
~~]
LOPHOBRANCHII.
1. Hippocampus brevirostris, Cuv.
Hippocampus brevirostris, Cuvier, R. A. 1. 365.
Yarrell’s British Fishes, ii. p. 342.
Hippocampus Rondeletii, Willughby, p. 157. i. 25. f. 3 (not very
exact).
Diagn.—Length of the snout nearly twice that of the diameter
of the orbit, or equal to that of the height of the dorsal fin.
A sharp projection over the nostrils. Tenth body-ring as
high as the 6th, 7th or 8th is long.
Descr.—This species resembles H. guttulatus, but is easily
distinguished by its shorter snout, higher dorsal, and less pro-
minent spines. The male is higher, and its 10th body-ring is
as high as the 7th and 8th are long. The female is as high at
the same part as the last six body-rings measure in length. The
knobs on the 2nd, 5th, 8th and 11th body-rings project more
than the others; and the same is the case with those on the 6th
or 7th, the 8th or 9th, and 11th or 12th tail-rings. The occipital
coronet has five prominences, whereof the medial distal one is
connected with the sharp-ridged crest of the breast-rmg. At
certain times of life the cranial knobs are ornamented with
skinny filaments, such as are represented in Willughby’s figure.
It is not so variegated and spotted as guttulatus, but is marked
by many white spots and dark and brownish stripes. Brown
stripes set in white cross the eyes. Mr. Yarrell describes its
tints in the following words :— The general colour is a pale
ash-brown, relieved by a changeable iridescence, and by variable
tints of blue dispersed over different parts of the head, body and
tail.”
A great many specimens are deposited in the Paris, London,
Leyden, Vienna, and other Museums. It is an extremely com-
mon species throughout the North Sea and the Adriatic.
2. Hippocampus japonicus, Kp.
Hippocampus brevirostris, T'emm. et Schl. Faun. Jap. (partim).
Diagn.—At the 7th body-ring the height equals the length
from the end of the snout to the breast-spme near the pec-
toral fin.
Deser. —This species greatly resembles brevirostris in the
shortness of the snout, but the body measured from the rim of
the belly to the edge of the back is comparatively higher than in
individuals of brevirostris having the same length. Five young
8 LOPHOBRANCHII.
examples, two of them males and three females, have the lower
breast-spine forked, which is not the case with a larger specimen
in a dry state. The high dorsal exhibits two black bands.
It mhabits the seas of Japan, and specimens exist in the Ley-
den Museum.
3. Hippocampus Monikei*, Bleeker.
Hippocampus Monikei, Bleeker, Bijdr. d. Ichth. von Japan, 1853,
SVOst./2.
Hippocampus brevirostris, Temm. et Schl. Faun. Jap. (partim).
Hippocampus fasciatus, Kaup.
Diagn.—The pedestal “of the occipital coronet and the snout
are short. The body has ten rings.
Descer.—This species is distinguished by the number of its
body-rings. The nasal projection is more prominent than in
brevirostris and japonicus. A small spine is situated before the
larger orbital one. The body is likewise higher than that of
brevirostris. The 2nd, 4th, 7th and 10th body-rings have more
prominent knobs, while on the tail itis the 3rd, the Sth and the
12th which have the longer knobs. A blackish band crosses the
7th and 8th body-rings, and there are 6 or 8 black cross-bands
on the tail. The dorsal fin, less high than that of brevirostris,
equals in height the length of the space between the fore border
of the orbit and the end of the snout.
I know only one specimen, which is a female, and measures
22 inches from the coronet to the point of the tail.
It inhabits the seas of Japan, and the Leyden Museum owes
its specimen to Dr. Von Siebold.
4, Hippocampus Lichtensteinii, Xp.
Diagn.—The occipital coronet is a roundish elevated knob,
with short spines before and behind. The short dorsal is
placed on the last two body-rings.
Descr.—Of this species I know only three young females,
which are in the Berlm Museum. It has a resemblance to bre-
virostris, but is easily distinguished by the diagnosis. The head,
gill-plates, and under-piece of the snout are warty, and some
warts exist on the sides of the body. The snout measured from
* This name was bestowed by Bleeker in honour of a young Dr.
Mohnike.
LOPHOBRANCHII. 9
the proximal border of the orbit is as long as the distance from
thence to the extremity of the gill-plate. The body bulges at the
3rd, 6th and JOth rings. The tail exhibits from 6 to 10 lighter
cross bars on a brownish ground.
It is not known from what country this very interesting species
was sent to the Berlin Museum; but it probably comes from
the Red Sea. The largest example measures rather less than
+ inch in length.
5. Hippocampus guttulatus, Cuv.
Hippocampus guttulatus, Cuv. R. A. u. 363.
Hippocampus antiquorum, Leach, MS. B.M.
Bloch, pl. 109. f. 3.
Diagn.—Nasal protuberance spinous. All the head-spines
project forwards and are laterally compressed. The snout
measured from the fore border of the orbit is as long as the
distance from thence to the spime on the upper border of
the gill-plate. A black band traverses the entire dorsal
fin.
Descr. — The spies and knobs furnished with filaments,
mostly simple, rarely forked. Some show whitish specks and
eross limes on a dark ground, others are merely speckled, and
some few have a clouded freckling between the more prominent
body-rings. In some the dorsal fin is black, in others it has a
black bar at the end only. In the Leyden collection I saw a
full-grown female which had twelve body-rings and a longer
snout; the supplementary ring being situated under the dorsal
fin, which stands on the 3rd and 4th rings. In all other respects
it agrees with other mdividuals, and cannot be considered as
anything more than a highly interesting variety.
A female from the Mauritius belongs to the Berlin Museum.
Five specimens from Gambia, received from Dr. Smith, exist in
the British Museum, and there is a great number in Paris,
Leyden, and other collections. Though I have seen a vast num-
ber of examples, none of them had traces of the rostral fila-
ments which characterize the next succeeding species.
The Berlin Museum possesses a female specimen from the
Brazils, sent by M. Olfers. It exhibits no filaments on the
spies of the head, the dorsal angles of the third ring stand near
together, and the other knobs are less prominent than in other
individuals of the same size. It appears therefore from these
notices of habitats that this species is very widely spread through
the world.
BO
10 LOPHOBRANCHII.
6. Hippocampus ramulosus, Leach.
Hippocampus ramulosus, Leach, Zool. Mise. i. 105. t. 47.
Lowe, Fishes of Madeira, 5.t. 29.
Diagn.—Almost all the spines and protuberances covered with
ramified skinny filaments, the soft parts of the body being
warty. Dorsal fin having a short black band, and a height
equal to the length of the snout measured from the nasal
projection.
Descr.—One of the handsomest and most interesting species,
and nearly allied to the common guttulatus and brevirostris.
It has a snout of medium length, a nasal projection, and a very
high spine in front of the coronet. The fore part of the coronet
itself is concave, with five tags; the crest of the occiput deeper
lengthwise, and the spines more approximated to each other.
Dorsal supported by 17 rays, and the tail formed of 33 rmgs. A
discoloured female specimen has only simple filaments without
ramifications. This belongs to the British Museum, together
with two other females received from the Zoological Society. In
the Paris Museum there are one male and two females, sent by
M. Deshayes from Algiers. The female has its skinny flaps not
so much developed as those represented in Lowe’s figure above
quoted, and its snout has only twice the length of the diameter
of the eye: the spime before the coronet is not prominently
evolved, and the coronet has an irregularly formed depression
which is connected with the acutely ridged crest of the breast-
ring. A black stripe traverses the dorsal, and the first ray of
that fin is as long as the snout measured from the nasal protu-
berance. ‘The skinny appendages are not developed.
Six young individuals from the Canaries exist in a dry state
in the Paris Museum; in all of them the coronet is more or less
irregular. Only one female among them shows ramified fila-
ments. It is probable that the curious skinny appendages ap-
pertain to certain periods in the life of this fish. I believe,
moreover, that Dr. Riippell’s H. fuscus and the H. obscurus of
Hempr. and Ehrenberg, both in the Berlin Museum, belong to
this species.
7. Hippocampus comes, Can‘éor.
Hippocampus comes, Cantor, Mal. Fish, p.1371. t.10. f. 2 (1849).
Hippocampus longirostris, Mus. Lugd.
Hippocampus kuda, Bleeker, Bijdr. tot d. Ichth. van Singapore.
LOPHOBRANCHII. ll
Hippocampus tenioptera, Bleeker, Bijdr. Ichth. Abol. Nat. T.
N. Ind. iii. 306.
Hippocampus moluccensis, Ibid. iti. 305.
Diagn.—Length of the snout from the proximal border of the
orbit equal to the distance from thence to the gill-opening,
or approaching thereto. No nasal protuberance, or merely a
small one in the young. Coronet moderately stilted, and
having from 4 to 6 prominent tips. Breast-ring destitute of
a spine pointing backwards, or of one curved upwards.
Descr.—A widely diffused species, which inhabits the Ja-
panese, Chinese, Indian and Australian seas. Great numbers
of specimens exist in all the more important museums. When
fully grown it is one of the largest species, as an example in the
Paris Museum shows, and at an advanced period of lite all the
protuberances are very blunt. Dr. Cantor, a skilful and acute
observer, found one female at Penang that measured 5 mches
in length, and which had round knobs on the tips of the head-
spines and on the various body-rmgs. This character is inci-
dental, since I have seen an individual in which the begimnings
merely of the knobs can be traced. It is always, therefore, a
difficult task to construct a diagnostic character from the inspec-
tion of a solitary example of the species.
Dr. Bleeker, in the first instance, characterized three species
from varieties of this one, but in his more recent labours he has
corrected himself, and brings his tenioptera and moluccensis
under kuda, which is moreover identical with comes.
In young individuals having a length of from 2 to 4 inches,
the nasal projection is spinous; two spines also appear under
the eye, and two on the under piece of the breast-ring. There
is, indeed, such a variety in these spines, that we may see in an
individual a single spme on one side of the body corresponding
to two on the other side. Moreover, the protuberances of the
body-rings are not always constant in their distribution, and we
may find them on the Ist or 2nd, 4th or 5th, 7th, 9th and 11th
body-rings. On the tail it is on the 3rd, 5th or 6th, 8th, 9th
or 10th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th or 17th that the protu-
berances occur.
In a female 2 inches long, the height of the 10th body-ring
is equal to the length of the last five body-rings. In a male of
4 inches, the 10th ring is equal to the length of the last six body-
rings. In another male the same 10th ring has a height equal
to the last seven or eight body-rings. A male in the Paris Mu-
seum which came from the Isle of Bourbon is abnormal, Ist, in
having a longer snout; 2nd, in having only ten body-rings ;
3rd, in having a less prominent belly and somewhat less height.
12 LOPHOBRANCHII.
In all other respects it resembles other individuals obtamed in
the same locality. We also find individuals of H. guttulatus
with a larger snout and one more body-ring. I think, therefore,
that a slightly longer snout, or a body somewhat higher or lower,
or furnished with one ring more or one less, are not sufficient of
themselves for the separation of species. By attending to such
signs, we should be obliged to divide the H. abdominalis of
Lesson into many species.
In the Leyden collection there are five examples from Timor
and Sumatra which have rows of white spots on the gill-plates ;
the body being brown or black with white points. Individuals
im the collections of Paris, Leyden and Vienna exhibit black
marbled speckling on the Ist, 4th, 5th, 7th and 8th body-rings
and on the base of the back fin.
In some the skin is dark brown or black, ornamented with a
white network ; in others the colour is paler, and each ring has
a black speck on its dorsal angle. Ina female specimen col-
lected by Quoy and Gaimard, cutaneous appendages exist on the
spines of the back and tail; others exhibit small warts on the
middle dorsal line.
On a comparison of all the Indian species, viz. H. japonicus,
H. Monikei, H. comes, H. mannulus, H. coronatus and H. histrizx
with one another, this one was easily distinguished from japo-
nicus or Monikei by its greater size, since none of them exceed
the smaller individuals of brevirostris. From mannulus it may
be discriminated by the want of the incurved spur-like spines of
the breast-ring. Coronatus is known by its coronet being raised
on a high pedestal, and histriz by its long, thin, sharp-pointed
spines.
Though no difficulty occurs in distinguishing H. comes from
the other Indian species, it is hardly to be recognized as separate
from the South American H. longirostris.
8. Hippocampus longirostris, Cuv.
Hippocampus longirostris, Cuv. R. A. ii. 363.
Diagn.—The coronet set with blunt tubereles, of which the
foremost is connected with the basal piece of the occiput.
The upper orbital spine short and two-cornered.
Deser.—Length of the snout from the proximal border of
the orbit as great as the distance from thence to the edge of the
breast-rmg. In the young there is a nasal projection which dis-
appears with age. he spines on all the rings also are promi-
nent in the young, and become blunt in the old. The species
LOPHOBRANCHII. 13
is nearly allied to H. comes, but comes has a longer snout and
larger spines on the head and body when young. It has also a
resemblance to H. moluccensis, but the soft parts of the body and
tail are furnished with small warts, and the snout is proportionally
somewhat longer; the coronal pedestal is a little shorter, and
the tips of the coronet less projecting. Much variety oceurs in
this species also. A male sent to the Paris Museum from Mar-
tinique by M. Richard, is yellowish-brown with dark brown
specks encircled by small white warts. A dark brown spot on each
ring forms a row along the lateral line. This individual measures
5% inches in length, and its height at the 10th ring is equal to the
length of the last six body-rings. A female from the same island
is discoloured by maceration in alcohol, but still retains traces
of irregular clouded transverse bars: one of them on the 7th and
8th ring, another near the dorsal fin, and a third on the 5th and
6th tail-rmg. Another dividual from the same quarter, sent by
M. Plée, is dark greenish-brown with black specks, and marbled
markings on the Ist, 4th, 7th and 8th body-rings. A female
sent from St. Lucie by M. Bonnesart is besprinkled with dark
round spots, encircled by fine white dots; some irregular cross
bands on the body and tail. On the end of the upper border of
the orbit there is a small protuberance. This one is nearly
5 inches long, and is 0°71 inch high at the 7th rig, where the
height equals the length of the last four body-rings, as im the
female from Martinique. ©
9. Hippocampus bicuspis, Ap.
Diagn.—The spine that precedes the coronet and the one over
the nostril forked.
Descr.—I am acquainted with only a very young female
specimen, which was sent from Goree to the Paris Museum by
M. Rang. It has 1] body-rings, of which the Ist, 4th, 7th and
11th have the bigger spines and projections. Three rings sup-
port the yellowish back fin. The body is very slender, and at
its greatest breadth does not exceed in width the length of the last
four body-rings. Two traces of dark cross bars upon the snout.
Colour yellowish-brown, darker on the back and tail.
10. Hippocampus algiricus, Ap.
Diagn.—Snout equal in length to the distance between the
fore-border of the orbit and the edge of the breast-rmg. In
females the 7th and 10th body-rings measure as much in
14 LOPHOBRANCHII.
height as the last five body-rings do in length. Only one
ring of the body assists in supporting the dorsal fin. The
soft parts of the hody show rows of light-coloured specks
on a dark ground.
Descr.—A dried female specimen, sent from Algiers by M.
Guichot to the Paris Museum under the appellation of H. lon-
girostris, has much likeness to that species, as well as to H. pune-
tulatus. The distinctive character of the latter consists in the
7th and 10th body-rings being the highest, and in the dorsal fin
standing on three rings, of which one only is caudal. H. longi-
rostris, on the other hand, may be discriminated by the 8th
ring in the females, which is the highest, being as high as the
last five body-rings are long. Its soft skin has, moreover, little
warts which are wanting in H. algiricus. The Parisian specimen
of H. algiricus is almost 5 inches long.
11, Hippocampus punctulatus, Kp.
Diagn.—Length of the snout equal to the distance between the
front of the orbit and the edge of the breast-ring. In the
female it is the 8th body-ring which is as high as the last
six body-rings are long. Two of the rings on which the
dorsal stands, belong to the tail.
Deser. — Of this species I know only a solitary example,
which belongs to the Leyden Museum, and is a female. It bears
much resemblance to H. longirostris, but is distinguished from
it, Ist, by a shorter snout ; 2nd, by the head being at the lower
spine of the breast-ring somewhat higher, and by the outline of
the breast and belly being more protuberant. In females of H.
longirostris these parts are more nearly equal in height, and the
7th and 10th rings are almost of the same altitude. The soft
parts are blackish-brown dotted with white; the gill-plates have
black specks and stripes of white points.
12. Hippocampus mannulus, Cantor.
Hippocampus mannulus, Cantor, Malay Fishes, p. 1370.t. 1.
Re.
Diagn.—The snout equal in length to the space between the
front of the orbit and the edge of the gill-plate. The spines
on the upper rim of the orbit and the one on the lower piece
of the breast-ring, sharp-pointed and recurved. Dorsal fin
as long as the snout.
LOPHOBRANCHII. 15
Deser.—Dr. Cantor obtained two specimens from Penang.
It is a very common species in China, whence examples have
been sent to the Museums of London, Paris, Vienna, and Leyden.
A female preserved in the French Museum in spirits was pro-
cured at Macao on the voyage of the Bonite. Out of the great
number of individuals of this species which I have examined, not
one of them had attained the size of H. longirostris. The big-
gest measured scarcely 64 inches.
The snout is pretty long. The edges of the orbits are con-
fluent over the nostrils without forming a distinct projection. A
regularly formed coronet, scarcely separated from the occiput,
shows five or six spinules. From the coronet to the curved
pectoral spine, the height is as great as the snout is long, mea-
suring from between the eyes. A pale yellow ground-colour
shows traces of broad bands on the body and tail. Some have
on the 2nd, 4th and 7th body-rings, near their dorsal border,
three pairs of black round spots (H. sewmaculatus, Schlegel,
Leyden). Others have circles round the eyes of black specks, and
a black stripe descending from the orbital spine through the eye ;
the membranous angle of the belly is black. In the Museums
of London, Paris, Leyden, Vienna, Darmstadt, &e.
13. Hippocampus marginalis, Heck.
Diagn.—Dorsal fin standing on the last three of the twelve
body-rings.
Descr. — This species is allied to H. fascicularis, but the
diagnostic character distinguishes it. It has a somewhat shorter
snout than H. fascicularis. White spots besprinkle the head and
snout, and the gill-plates are crossed by curved black Imes.
Longitudinal black stripes run on the body to the 7th ring, and
black cross lines succeed them from the 8th to the 12th rings.
Irregular interrupted black lines traverse the belly lengthwise.
The height of the body where greatest is equal to the distance
between the coronet and the end of the snout. All the angles
of the rings are more developed and prominent than in H. /on-
girostris.
A single female Mexican specimen, deposited in the Vienna
Museum, is the only example known to me.
14, Hippocampus fascicularis, Heck.
Diagn.—A snout longer than that of H. brevirostris, with
more acute nasal projections ; and the dorsal not standing
on so high an elevation.
16 LOPHOBRANCHII.
Deser.—Colour black, with very many white points. Gill-plates
striped by 10 or 11 rows of white dots, and between the lateral
line and the rim of the belly there are irregular white bands ex-
tending as far as to the 7th ring. From the 8th ring to the
anus there is between each pair of rings a dark cross line sprinkled
with white specks, and marbled.
The Vienna Museum possesses a male specimen from Mexico.
15. Hippocampus levicaudatus, Heck.
Diagn.—The dorsal as long as the head, and standing on 5
rings. Body-rings 11.
Deser. — Allied to H. brevirostris. The eyes nearly in the
middle between the end of the snout and the gill-opening. Up
to the dorsal fin there are 8 rings. Tail without knobs, and the
gill-plate silvery.
At Vienna there is a specimen from North America.
16. Hippocampus coronatus, Temm. et Schl.
Hippocampus coronatus, Temm. et Schl. Fauna Jap. p. 274.
pl. 120. f. 8.
Diagn.—Pedestal of the irregular coronet very tall. Height of
the head nearly as great as its length. Ten body-rings.
Descr.— This species is isolated by its stilted coronal pe-
destal, and is one of the finest discoveries made by the Dutch
naturalists in Japan. Its size is from 4 to 5 inches. The two
hinder tips of the coronet are the most developed. The young
have more prominent spines than the old ones, but the pedestal
of the coronet is not so high. On the rim of the erbit in the
region of the nostrils and round the breast-ring the spines are
longer and more pointed ; the 2nd, 4th and 10th rings are gibbous
along the back, as are also the 3rd, 9th, 13th and i8th tail-rings.
In the female the 9th body-ring is as high as the last four body-
rings are long. Colour yellowish, marbled with dark brown and
edged on the back with black.
It is only im the Leyden collection that I have met with this
species, which is pretty common in Japan and perhaps in
China.
LOPHOBRANCHII. 17
17. Hippocampus histrix, Kp.
Diagn.—The thin, elongated snout, much longer than the head;
a long spine over the nostril, and all the spies unwontedly
developed and pointed except on the end of the tail.
Descr.—This species is still more than the last one distin-
guished from all its fellows, its peculiar characters being its elon-
gated snout and projecting spines. In the Paris Museum there
is a male, but its egg-pouches are not much developed. The
median ventral line is acute-edged like a knife, and sharply
emarginated between the rings. A female in the Leyden Mu-
seum is larger, and, like the males, has longer spines on the Ist,
4th, 7th and 11th body-rings, and on the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 9th and
11th tail-rings. This one is from Japan. Its colour is uniform
whitish-yellow. In neither individual are all the fins preserved
entire. Japan.
18. Hippocampus abdominalis, Less.
Hippocampus abdominalis, Lesson, Férussac, Bull. de Se. xi. 127.
Diagn.—Body of 12 rings, rarely of 13. The irregularly
speckled dorsal of from 24 to 26 rays, standing on 5 or 6
rings. Belly very protuberant, having a height equal to
the length of the last 8 or 9 body-rings.
Deser.— This fish departs from the general form of the
genus, no less than the preceding two, in having an acute-edged,
very prominent belly, and is a very distinct species, common in
Australia. It is often thrice as high as it is broad. Its short
snout is as long as the distance between the fore-border of the
orbits to the spine of the gill-plate. In a male, whose head is
figured, all the spines and protuberances on the body are blunt.
Forty-seven tail-rings. The filamentous appendages on the
head are simple, or branched like a stag’s horn, or altogether
wanting.
Colour yellowish, with black specks and stripes on the head.
Upon the ribs the skin is yellowish, and between them blackish-
brown or yellowish speckled with black. Tail barred across
with yellow. Egg-pouch short, and extending merely to the
5th or 7th tail-ring. A male brought from the west coast of
Africa is black, and there are also black varieties from Au-
stralia.
The British Museum possesses twenty-one specimens, pre-
sented by Sir John Richardson, Dr. Hooker, and Mr. Gunn.
There are also very many in the Paris Museum, obtained by
M. Verreaux on the voyage of the Zelée, &c.
18 LOPHOBRANCHII.
Genus 2. ACENTRONURA, Kp.
Diagn.—The edge of the back coincides with the upper tail-
ridge, forming one and the same line. Gill-opening situated
at the point of the occiput. No protuberances either on
the body or tail. ~
Descr.—No coronet, merely a sharpening of the occipital
bone, as in the hind-head. Borders of the orbits like the breast-
ring destitute of spines. Dorsal fin standing on an insigni-
ficant eminence. Tail furnished with an egg-pouch, as in Hippo-
campus.
1. Acentronura gracillima, Kp.
Hippocampus gracillimus, Fauna Jap. p. 274. t. 120. f.
Deser.—Its length is about 3 inches. The head does not
exceed the body in height, and the tail is twice as long as the
distance from the anus to the breast-fin. The speckled back-fin
of 17 rays is sustained by four rings, two of them belonging to the
tail. In the tail the rings number from 42 to 45. Anal scarcely
observable. In the prevailing yellowish colour there are traces
of dark and dotted cross bars.
In the Leyden Museum there are four females full of eggs,
and two males.
Genus 3. GASTEROTOKEUS, Heck.
Syngnathoides, Bleeker.
Solegnathus, Bleeker, nee Swainson.
Diagn.—Fdges of the expanded belly formed by the lateral
lines. No nuchal shield. Tail prehensile. Dorsal stand-
ing in a furrow on from 10 to 11 tail-rings.
Descr.—Compressed snout longer than the head, shagreened
by deeply-cut lines and pits. Forehead concave. Upper border
of the orbit ending in a spinous point. Occiput somewhat
round, elevated, destitute of a coronet. The gill-opening situ-
ated next to the back piece, and furnished with a half ring of
bone. In the place usually occupied by the nuchal shield there
is a breadth of naked skin, covering the neck-sinews that sustain
the head in its nodding movements. Ventral surface of the
breast-ring concave in the middle, notched at the poimt, and
heightened on both sides at the attachments of the pectorals.
LOPHOBRANCHII. 19
The space under the rim of the belly (laterai line), wherem the
true angle of the belly would be, and the median ventral line lie
in one and the same plane.
The males, like those of Nerophis, carry their eggs in 6 to 8
rows extending from the anus to the 2nd body-ring.
1. Gasterotokeus biaculeatus, Heck.
Syngnathus biaculeatus, Bloch, t. 121.f. 1.
Syngnathus Blochi, Bleeker.
Descr.—It attains a length of 6% imches and perhaps more.
Body composed of 16, and tail of from 20 to 25 determinate rings ;
the others, 23 to 28, are to be reckoned in dried specimens only.
The tail, as far as the end of the lateral projection, is hexagonal.
Dorsal fin standing on 10 to 11 rings, the first of which is the anal
ring. A wreath of fine warts surrounds the anus. Some indi-
viduals exhibit cutaneous flaps on the snout, and throughout
the body. The anal fin lies in a cavity. Inthe Berlin Museum
there is a male variety which has a projection over the nostrils.
The colour is rosaceous violet, marbled with yellow and green,
and striped. Snout and fins rose-coloured. Others are more
generally yellowish-brown.
Very common in the Chinese and Indian Oceans, the Indian
Archipelago, Red Sea, Madagascar, &e. Numbers of speci-
mens are kept in all the Museums of Leyden, London, Paris,
Vienna, Berlin, &c.
Obs. — We are ignorant of the manner in which the eggs
are hatched in the two following genera, since no specimens
have been procured which possess egg-pits on the breast and
belly or have tail-pouches. It is probable, therefore, that the
eggs are matured in these genera as in ordinary fishes.
Genus 4. SOLENOGNATHUS, Swainson.
Solenognathus, Swainson, Nat. Hist. of Fishes, i. 333.
Diagn.—Body laterally compressed and higher than broad.
Lateral line confluent with the upper angle of the tail, form-
ing an arch. The intermediate, oblong, little shields are
radiated by lines in relief. From 22 to 26 body-rings, and
55 to 60 tail-rmgs. Dorsal fin standing in a furrow on 10 to
11 tail-rings. Tail prehensile.
20 LOPHOBRANCHII.
Descer.—Snout longer than the head, with rough edges. Mar-
gins of the orbits on the fore and under side, and as far for-
ward as the nostrils, furnished with rough, irregular, short spines.
Hind-head destitute of a coronet, but with a spe and an ele-
vated nuchal shield, on which there are lines in relief. Breast-
ring acutely ridged on its dorsal surface, with a spinous projec-
tion laterally, and a median furrow on the ventral surface ; above
as well as below it has two pairs of spines. Pectoral fin broad,
but not long. Back concave, with bunchy intermediate scales.
Belly sharply ridged.
1. Solenognathus Hardwickii, Swains.
Solenognathus Hardwicku, Swainson, Nat. Hist.
Syngnathus Hardwickii, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. pl. 89.
Hippocampus Hardwickii, Voigt, in der Ubersetz. von Cuv. Regne
Anim.
Soleenathus polyprion*, Bleeker, Bijdrag. d. Troskiewwige
Visschen v. d. Ind. Archip. xxv. deel d. Verh. Batav. Gen.
p. 25.
Descr. — This is the longest, thickest, and most rugged
form of the whole family, and exhibits the greatest number of
body-rings. The tail-rings are from 55 to 60. In some indivi-
duals there are skinny appendages to the snout. The colour
is yellowish-brown, with blackish edges to the back. Eyes
golden, with black streaks. Rad. P. 23; D.43; A.4; C.0.
It is a common species in the Indian Ocean, especially in the
China Sea. Dimensions of very large individuals: whole length
from 15% to 174 inches; length of head, 2 to 2'3 inches ; distance
from the edge of the gill-plate to the anus, 6°6 to 7°5 inches ;
length of dorsal fin from 1‘9 to 2°3 inches.
Genus 5. PHYLLOPTERYX, Swainson.
Phyllopteryx, Swainson, Nat. Hist. of Fishes, i. p. 332.
Diagn.—Body much compressed; neck elongated, slender ;
back arched ; belly prominent ; and dorsal fin standing on an
elevation. Flat, denticulated bones, supporting leaf-like
cutaneous appendages, project from the body and tail. Tail
destitute of a fin, yet not prehensile.
* IT cannot distinguish between S. polyprion from China and 5S.
Hardwickii from India.
LOPHOBRANCHII, 2)
Descr. — Snout twice the length of the head, with two
spines on its posterior third part. ‘T'wo diverging spines on the
upper rim of the orbit. Body compressed, with a thin belly and
back. The lateral line united to the under angle of the tail.
The upper angle of the tail extends forwards to the beginning of
the dorsal fin. All the angles rough and emit a spme at the
extremity of each ring. A thin, elongated spine on the hind-
head and breast-ring. Denticulated bony projections springing
from the ventral aspects of the 8th and 10th body-rings ; like-
wise from the dorsal aspects of the 11th and the ultimate body-
rings, and from the 10th, 16th, 21st and 25th tail-rings. All
these projections are adorned with leaf-like appendages. ‘The
breast-ring, which is swollen out, has four pairs of spines.
This genus comes nearer to Solenognathus and Hippocampus
than to Gasterotokeus.
1. Phyllopteryx foliatus, Swainson.
Synenathus foliatus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. y. 180.
Syngnathus teniopterus, Lacép. Ann. du Mus. iv. t. 58. f. 3.
Descr.—This is one of the most extraordinary forms among
fishes. I am acquainted only with the grown-up fish, and have
seen none of the young of this species. Full-grown individuals
have a length of upwards of 15°8 inches. Round light-coloured
specks exist on the head and snout, and also on the body and
tail. Five white stripes run down the elongated neck. Dr.
Brown, the celebrated botanist, possesses an admirably coloured
figure of this species, executed by Bauer during Capt. Flinders’
survey of the coasts of Australia. The body has 17 rings, and
the tail about 25. The dorsal fin stands on 7 rings, of which one
only belongs to the body. Rad. P. 20; D. 30; A.24; C. 0.
The leaf-like membranes are black or brown, with deep black
borders.
Lacépeéde’s figure is incorrect, and represents the snout as too
short. None of the examples in the Paris Museum have so
short a snout, and I can scarcely think that it represents a distinct
species. Shaw’s and Lacépéde’s names were published in the
same year.
Specimens exist only in the British and Parisian Museums.
Subfam. 2, SYNGNATHINA, Kp.
Males furnished with a caudal egg-pouch, which is open
throughout. Tail never prehensile.
bo
LOPHOBRANCHII.
Genus 1. HALICAMPUS, Kp.
Diagn.—Snout thin and short, set with three rows of small
spines, and distinctly separated from the high forehead and
elevated and spimous borders of the orbits. Eyes project-
ing. Hind-head, nape, and breast-shield furnished with a
rough, elevated, comb-like crest. Breast-ring broader at
the pectoral fins than the body. Dorsal fin standing on an
elevation formed by three rings only. Borders of the body
rough, and furnished with various cutaneous filaments.
This genus is the representative in its own subfamily of the
genus Hippocampus, and is allied to the genera Corythoichthys
and Trachyrhamphus.
1. Halicampus conspicillatus, Kp.
Syngnathus conspicillatus, Jenyns, Voy. of Beagle, p. 147. pl. 27.
4
Halicampus Grayi, Kp. British Museum.
Descr.—Snout measured from the orbits as long as the
distance from thence to the edge of the operculum. Operculum
small, and divided into two dissimilar parts by a denticulated
line standing out im relief ; the broader under part being scarred,
and varied by from 8 to 9 prominent curved lines. A trace of a
cutaneous filament exists on the rough rim of the orbit; and in
the rough, concave forehead there are two lines im relief, which
are confluent above the nostrils; there being in the middle also
a spiny crest. Posteriorly the breast-ring falls abruptly away
and rises again near the pectoral fin in a pyramidal form. Gill-
opening situated very high up. There are 15 body-rings before
the dorsal fin, and 17 before the vent. They are made rough by
prominent lines, short projections, and rugged marginal bunches.
Warts exist on the small intermediate dorsal scales of the body
and tail, and occasionally serve as roots of cutaneous filaments.
Three rings, one of them only belonging to the tail, sustain the
dorsal fin. ach tail-ring has a small spinous projection on its
under edge, that resists the finger when drawn along it. The
tail, which is slightly longer than the body, is composed of from
32 to 37 rings. In the male specimen preserved in the British
Museum there are dark brown scales projecting over the egg-
pouch, and every ring is notched. The head is brown, with two
white specks or stripes on the gill-cover, one black speck near
the pectoral fin, and another close to the dorsal fin. The fins
are bluish and translucent, and the base of the dorsal is black.
LOPHOBRANCHII. 23
The solitary specimen in the British Museum came from
India. A female in the Paris Museum was obtained by M.
Busseuil on the coasts of New Holland, during Bougainville’s
Expedition. It is rougher and darker coloured. The one de-
scribed by Jenyns, in the ‘ Voyage of the Beagle,’ is slightly
speckled on the dorsal. His example from Tahiti differs in the
numbers of its rays, as shown below :—
Radu.—P. 17; D. 31; A.?3; C. 10, Jenyns.
PP 153 D.'21);'Al?'23-C. 10; Kaup:
Dimensions of the
3 e
Length of the head .. 24. dss. 05 O6 in. 0°6 in.
From tip of snout to anus ........ Didier 228s.
Weneth of the tats civ. <u. 5-2: Sin as 5H0)
Genus 2. TRACHYRHAMPHUS, Kp.
Diagn.—The three species of this genus hitherto discovered
resemble Halicampus ; but the head is longer, and the snout is
denticulated on its dorsal aspect only, and is not so distinct
from the head. Five or six rings, three of which appertain to
the body, support the elevated base of the dorsal fin. The
breast-ring is no wider than the head. All the species are still
more elongated in form than Halicampus.
1. Trachyrhamphus serratus, Kp.
Syngnathus serratus, Temm. et Schl. F. Jap. t. 120. f. 4.
Russel, t. 130.
Typhlus rostro eristato-serrato, Par. Mus.
Diagn.—Snout arched, shorter than the space intervening be-
tween the proximal corner of the eye and the extreme edge
of the gill-cover.
Descr.—This species, allied nearer to the following than to
the preceding one, has a more elongated form and less elevated
superciliary ridges, combined with more out-springing orbits.
It has the dorsal aspect of the head more even, and more feebly
shagreened, and its operculum is marked by fine streaks pro-
ceeding from a prominent line. The snout has a spiny crest on
its dorsal aspect only. There are 21 body-rings and 78 rings in
the tail. The dorsal fin stands on 5 rings, three of them belong-
ing to the body. On its ventral aspect the breast-ring is com-
24 LOPHOBRANCHII.
posed of eight shields, and on its dorsal aspect it is furnished
with a denticulated crest. The colour is greyish-brown, with
two pairs of black specks on the under piece of the snout. The
eyes, and lower part of the gill-cover, and sometimes the whole
operculum, are silvery.
A male 10 inches long has an egg-pouch 3°35 inches in length ;
and a very long female measures 3°86 inches along the body,
and 6°58 inches along the tail.
Specimens brought from China and Japan by Dr. Siebold are
preserved in the Museums of Leyden and London. A female
specimen in the Paris Museum was obtained at Macao by M.
Eydoux (Voy. de la Bonite).
Rad—P. 18; D.20; A.3; °C. 9:
2. Trachyrhamphus longirostris, Ap.
Diagn.—The space intervening between the fore angle of the
orbits and the furthest edge of the gill-cover is shorter than
the length of the recurved snout.
Descr.—This species resembles the preceding’ one, but has a
longer snout and tail. There are 27 body-rings and 53 tail-rings,
and the breast is conspicuous by its prominence between the
5th and 9th rings.
Rad—P.18; D. 27; A. 3; C. 9.
Colour like that of the first species. An old male 12°5 inches
long measures on the body 4°4 inches ; along the tail 8-0 inches ;
and has an egg-pouch 2’8 inches long. The British Museum
possesses two specimens that were captured by Captam Sir
Edward Belcher.
3. Trachyrhamphus intermedius, Ap.
Diagn.—The straight, thin snout equal in length to the di-
stance between the fore angle of the eye and the extreme
edge of the gill-cover.
Descr.—Snout longer than that of serratus, but shorter than
that of longirostris. Two lines proceeding from the proximal
part of the orbit form a spinous projection over the nostril; the
remainder of the crest is merely acutely ridged. Nineteen rings
precede the dorsal fin, and there are 21 before the anus. The
dorsal stands upon six rings. The Paris Museum contains a
damaged specimen. Its country is China? or Japan.
if
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:
3
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i
i
LOPHOBRANCHII. 25
Genus 3. CORYTHOICHTHYS, Kp.
Diagn.—Body tolerably long, but the fins not much developed,
the tail-fin especially bemg diminutive. Snout half the
length of the head, which is elevated, rising from the large
orbits. The dorsal fin commences in the concavity of the
tail over the anus, and is not placed on an elevation as in
Hippocampus or Trachyrhynchus; but the projecting edge
of the caudal border next the dorsal fin renders the breadth
of the fish there greater than elsewhere. Light cross-bars
vary the body.
1. Corythoichthys albirostris, Heckel.
Diagn.—Rostral crest medial and interrupted. Body-rings 12,
tail-rings 29; dorsal fin standing on 5 rings, four of which
belong to the tail.
Descr.—Snout half the length of the distance between the
fore border of the orbit and the base of the pectoral fin. Colour
yellowish-brown, with 14 blackish cross-bars. Lower part of
the gill-cover brown with blue stripes...
Rad.—P. 12; D. 27; A. 2 or 3; C. 10.
Length of the body 2°67 inches, of the tail 3°30 inches, of the
dorsal fin 0°6 inch.
Mexico, Bahia. One female specimen exists in the Vienna
Museum; and the Museum of Stuttgard contains a male and
female procured by M. Blanschet. This pair are speckled with
dusky and light colours, and dotted with white. The small
intermediate scales are bordered with white, and all the three
examples have a white snout.
2. Corythoichthys fasciatus, Gray.
Syngnathus fasciatus, Gray, Ind. Zool. 89. f. 2.
Syngnathus hematopterus, Bleeker, Descr. Pisc. p. 34.
Syngnathus pictus, Hempr. & Ehrenb. (Berl. & Paris Mus.)
Diagn.—Gill-cover divided into two dissimilar parts. Dorsal fin
standing on 5 rings, all of them beloaging to the tail. Back
concave, with sharp borders, which form a projecting spine
on each ring. Belly broad and round, with a medial lon-
Secon keel. There are 17 rings before the dorsal fin, and
35 rings in the tail. The lateral line is straight and inter-
rupted.
Cc
26 LOPHOBRANCHII.
Descr.—One of the handsomest species of the genus, re-
sembling albirostris in its large eyes and snipe-like snout, which
is furnished with a small and finely denticulated medial crest.
Head oval. descending suddenly from the forehead to the snout,
whose length equals the space between the fore angle of the eye
and the distal border of the gill-cover. A line rising in relief
extends from the nostrils behind the orbits and on to the occiput.
An interrupted, diaphanous, arched crest runs over the hind-
head, nape and breast-rmg. In the males the site of the egg-
pouch is not deeply excavated, being merely flatly concave, and
the lateral membranes are too scanty to cover the eggs.
Colour brown, with dark cross-bars. Gill-cover yellow, with
blue and black stripes. The young have two longitudinal stripes
on the gill-cover, the upper one passing through the eye. On
the hind-head there is a blacker, changeable speck, and the ven-
tral surface between the two gill-covers is black. Breast-ring
black, with a white girdle. The black dorsal cross-bars are often
reduced to slender lines resembling Arabic characters. On the
sides there is a light-coloured speckling on a reddish ground-
colour. According to Bleeker, a young female specimen from
Trincomalee has a gold-coloured gill-cover. The dorsal aspect
is green, the ventral one yellow, and the fins red. A large female
example preserved in the Parisian Museum under the name of
Typhlus Desjardini, and received from the Isle of Bourbon, is
yellowish-brown, with traces of markings.
Rad.—P. 16; D. 29; A.4; C. 10.
Amboyna, Bourbon, Ceram, Celebes, China, Noukahiva, and
the Red Sea. Presented by Forster, Sir John Richardson, Rey-
naud, Hemprich and Ehrenberg to the Museums of London,
France, Leyden and Berlin.
3. Corythoichthys vittatus, Ap.
Diagn.—Brown ; the body and tail crossed by 27 white bars.
Descr.—The Paris Museum possesses a female specimen,
brought from the Brazils by De Lalande. It is more closely re-
lated to albirostris than to fasciatus. Snout short and high,
half the length of the head, with an irregular, denticulated crest
on its dorsal aspect originating between the orbits, but not
reaching to its tip. From the under margin of the orbit a fur-
row extends obliquely to the tip of the snout. There are 16
body-rings before the dorsal fin, and 17 before the anus; and
the dorsal is supported by 5 rings, of which four belong to the
tail. On the last body-ring the lateral line coalesces with the
under angle of the tail; and the upper angle of the tail extends
Su
LOPHOBRANCHII. 27
forwards to the beginning of the dorsal. There are in all 37
tail-rings.
Rad.—D. 20; A. 3; C. 8.
Under piece of the snout yellowish, with three brown specks.
A whitish cross-bar on the occiput. The ground-colour is dark
brown, with 27 nearly complete cross-bars.
Entire length of the fish 5°24 inches. Length of head 0°44
inch. Length of tail 3°23 inches. Length of dorsal fin 0°47
inch; and height of the last body-ring 0°20 inch.
4, Corythoichthys gastrotenia, Kp.
Corythéichthys fasciolatus, Kaup, Paris Mus.
Syngnathus gastrotenia, Bleeker, Bijdr. p. 22 (1853).
Diagn.—Snout crestless, but furnished with irregular rows of
small spines.
Deser.—I have seen only a female example, which the Paris
Museum received from Leyden, under the name of Syngn. mi-
crognathus, Kuhl et V. Hasselt. Under the same appellation
I have received three specimens from Leyden, which belong to a
totally distinct genus*.
The short, thick, irregular snout, spinous on its dorsal aspect,
is one-third of the length of the head. Hyes large, and the very
rough-bordered orbits risé suddenly and are closely pressed to-
gether so that the forehead is very narrow. Occipital crest
sharply ridged and toothed. A line standing out in relief extends
from the orbits to the occiput. Gill-cover roundish, bulging,
rough, and divided into two dissimilar parts by a prominent Ime.
A toothed crest on the nape and breast-shield. Between the
breast-ring and the dorsal fin there are 14 rings, or 15 if the
anal ring be added. The dorsal is supported by 7 rmgs. The
tail, which is not quite the length of the body, has 40 rings.
The lateral line reaches to the anal ring, and the upper angular
edge of the tail is continued from the termination of the lateral
line to the first rmg of the dorsal.
Rad.—P.17; D. 29; A.?2; C. 10.
Colour of the snout, gill-cover, forehead, occiput, and nostrils
* The Syngn. micrognathus of the Leyden Museum, represented by
these three specimens, is one with the S. compressus of Kuhl and Van
Hasselt ; and the manuscript name of Typhlus Goudoti of Bibron is a
synonym thereof. This latter I prefer for the specific designation.
Vide Hemithylacum Goudoti.
C2
2
(o 4)
LOPHOBRANCHII.
dark brown with whitish bars. Body brown, with a yellowish-
brown cross-bar and speckling on each ring.
Found at Wahai and Ceram in the North Pacific.
5. Corythoichthys brevirosiris, Kp.
Syngnathus brevirostris, Riipp. Neue Wirbelth.
Diagn.—Merely a trace of a cranial crest, and no rostral spines.
Lateral lme connected in an arch with the under angle of
the tail. Body-rings 14-15; tail-rings 30; dorsal standing
on 5 rings, the first one being the anal ring.
Descr.—This is the most diminutive member of the subfamily.
A male example, belonging to the Frankfort Museum, having
an egg-pouch, is pale yellowish, with five rows of specks on the
margin of the body. Another male exhibits yellowish specks or
bars on the back circumscribed by black borders. The angles
bordering the ventral surface of each ring show a row of lighter
points. The eyes are silvery, with black poimts on the ins, or
this is wholly black. A small female is striped with white, and
its dark back has three yellowish cross-bars.
Rad.—P.12; D. 12; A.3; C. 10.
Length of the head 0°22 inch, of the snout 0°10 inch, of the
body 0°70 inch, of the tail 1:06 to 1°18 inch; of the egg-pouch
0°39 inch.
Discovered in the Red Sea by Dr. Riippell. Preserved in the
Museums of Frankfort, London, Stuttgard, Berlin, and Darm-
stadt.
I hold the followimg species, known to me through Bleeker’s
Monograph of the Indian Syngnathide, to be new, and to belong
to Corythdichthys.
6. Corythdichthys dactyliopherus, Kp.
Syngnathus dactyliopherus, Bleeker, Diagn. nieuw Vissch. Bat.
Nat. T. N. Ind. deel iv. p. 506; Badr. tot de kenn. Trosk.
Vissch. p. 16.
Diagn.—Tail, excluding its fin, much shorter than the body
without the head. Dorsal commencing immediately above
the anus, or scarcely perceptibly before it. The keels form-
ing spines on each ring directed backwards. D. 26 rays.
Body-rings 18. Caudal rings 20.. Tail, without the fin,
ie
LOPHOBRANCHII. 29
more than twice as short as the head and body together.
Body encircled by yellow and violet-brown rings.
Deser. — Body very long, ecylindrico-heptagonal anteriorly,
tetragonal posteriorly, and having a breadth equal to its height,
or to the 30th or 31st part of its length. Head measuring
about one-fifth of the length of the body, while the diameter
of the eye is about the 8th or 8'5th part of the length of the
head. The rostro-frontal profile is concave before the eyes; and
the snout is about thrice as long as the post-ocular part of the
head ; it is compressed, and seven or eight times larger than its
slenderest part is high. Forehead and convex crown of the head
granular; no medial post-ocular crests. A short crest on each
side of the snout, and together with the orbits slightly denticu-
lated. Gill-cover granular, the grains being disposed somewhat
inrows. Body-rings 18, tail-rings 20, the individual rings slightly
granular; the interstitial plates small, oval, and also slightly
granular; the keels of the several rings very low, but emitting
a very conspicuous little spine pointing backwards from each
ring. The small spines of the medial ventral keel are shorter
than those of the other keels. The tail, excluding its fin, is a
little shorter than the trunk of the body, and twice as short as
the trunk and head together. Dorsal fin commencing above the
anus on the 18th body-ring, and ending on the 4th tail-ring.
It is lower than the body: the anal is very diminutive, and the
oblong obtuse caudal fin is about twice as long as the post-ocular
portion of the head. Colour of the body beautifully yellow,
encircled by 27 violet-brown rings broader than the intermediate
spaces. On the snout there are 5 rings, one of them passing
through the eyes, 2 between the eyes and the pectoral fin, and
9 between the pectoral and anal fins ; while the remainder belong
to the tail. The fins are rosaceous, the caudal alone being red-
dish-violet.
Rad.—)D. 26; P. 21 or 22; A.4; C.9. Length of specimens
5’1 and 5°7 inches.
Found at Batavia in the sea near the Onrust Island.
Genus 4. ICHTHYOCAMPUS, Kp.
Diagn.—The edges of the concave back coalesce with those
of the tail into one line, which runs without interruption to
the caudal fin.
Deser.—Head short, with a shorter, compressed, sharp-ridged
snout. Orbits slightly projecting. Operculum round, swollen,
higher than broad, and grained like the head. Tail almost as
30 LOPHOBRANCHII.
thick as the body, and suddenly pointed at the setting on of the
very rudimentary caudal fin. Anus situated under the beginning
of the dorsal fin. This genus approaches very nigh to Corythé-
ichthys, but is distinguished from it by its more tetragonal form,
and by the characters mentioned above in the diagnosis.
1. Ichthyocampus Belcheri, Kp. Pl. V. f. 39.
Diagn.—The very short snout constituting one-third of the
entire length of the head. ‘Tail a little longer than the
body. The lateral line extending nearly three rings beyond
the anus.
Deser.—An unwontedly short form in comparison with its
thickness. Head oval, with a distinct crest on the dorsal aspect
of the breast-rings, nuchal shields and occiput. A distinctly
raised line running from the orbit to the occiput, and a notched
crest passing from the forehead over the abbreviated snout. The
under nostril shortly tubular. The bulging operculum lmeated,
and showing a trace of a curved longitudinal line, by which it is
divided into two dissimilar portions. Body flat on the back,
and rendered septangular by its lateral and ventral borders.
Fifteen rings before the dorsal fin, and 16 up to the anus. The
dorsal fin stands on 5 rings, the anal ring being the first of
them. The lateral line reaches the 4th of these dorsal fin-rings.
Ground-colour yellowish- or blackish-brown. The lighter-
coloured specimens have more numerous spots in rows, four or
five dark cross-bars on the body, and five on the dorsal aspect
of the tail. In the darker individuals the bands have lighter
borders.
Rad.—P. 12; D. 22; A. 3; C.:10.
Length of snout 0°16 inch, of head 0°39 inch, of body 1°42
inch, of tail 2°05 inches, of dorsal fin 0°24 inch.
Specimens procured in China by Captain Sir Edward Belcher
are deposited in the British Museum, and in the Leyden Museum
there are others brought from Borneo by Dr. Miiller.
2. Ichthyocampus carce, Kp.
Syngnathus carcé, Ham. Gang. Fish, p. 13.
Bleeker, Natez. op de Ichth. Fauna. v. Beng. und Hindost.
p: 161.
Syngnathus platygnathus, Kuhl & Van Hasselt, MSS.
Diagn.—Snout half the length of the head. A continuous,
mah
LOPHOBRANCHII. 31
uncomplicated rostral crest, which does not reach to the
mouth. Lateral line terminating upon the anal ring. Tail
twice as long as the body.
Descr.—This species has a more elongated form than the
preceding one. Vestiges only of lines in relief exist on the
temples, occiput, nape, and on the dorsal aspect of the breast-
rings. The broad, swollen gill-cover is striped, and has a pro-
minent line anteriorly. There are 15 rings anterior to the dorsal
fin, and 16 before the anus, as in Ich. Belcheri. The dorsal fin
stands on 6 rings, the first of which is the anal ring. In the
tail there are 36 or 37 rings in all, and 19 up to the end of the
egg-pouch. The following are the dimensions of a male speci-
men sent by Kuhl and Van Hasselt to the Leyden Museum :—
entire length 3°35 inches; length of head 0°39 inch, of body
1:22 inch, of tail 2°13 inches, of egg-pouch 1°03 inch.
Rad.—P.12; D. 20*; A. 2; C. 10.
Dr. Hamilton describes the colours in the following words :
— “The colour is greenish-brown, with some obscure pale
transverse belts on the back, and ten or eleven spots on each
side at the lower edge of the scales by which the joints are sur-
rounded.”
The species inhabits the Sea of Java, and specimens exist in
the Leyden Museum.
3. Ichthyocampus ponticerianus, Kp.
Typhlus ponticerianus, Bibron, Paris Mus.
Syngnathus heptagonus+}, Bleeker.
Hippichthys heptagonus, Bleeker, xxvste deel der Verhand. van
het Bat. Gen. van Kunsten en Wetensch. Bijdr. tot de Kennis
d. Troskieuwige Visschen v. d. Ind. Arch. p. 25.
Diagn.—A longitudinal row of white points on the rim of the
belly. Belly arched and acutely keeled.
* Dr. Hamilton enumerates 25 rays in the dorsal, and informs us
that the natives of India call it the “ Crocodile’s tooth-pick,” or
“tooth-cleaner.”” He also reckons the body-rings at 32, which is
certainly an error, as such a number is not to be found in any species
of the whole subfamily. He has apparently included the tail-rings in
his enumeration of those of the body.
+ Dr. Bleeker has constructed his genus Hippichthys on this species
in the 22 band Verh. Bat. Gen. Bijdr. Ichth. Mad. p. 15, and in the 25
band der Verh. he renounces it. Since the name of heptagonus ex-
presses a form common to almost all the Syngnathide, I have chosen the
name of ponticerianus, previously employed in the Parisian Museum.
32 LOPHOBRANCHII.
Descr.—Length of the snout equal to the distance between
the hinder angle of the orbit and the further edge of the gill-
cover. The head is shagreened or roughly streaked. The la-
teral lines coalesce with the angle of the tail in an arch. Number
of the body-rings 15, of the tail-rmgs from 38 to 40. Dorsal fin
situated on the second and following tail-rmgs to the 7th inclu-
sive. Almost the entire side of the tail is covered by the inter-
mediate rings, which are very high. The female has two rows
of black spots on the yellowish under part of the snout.
Rad.—P. 17; D. 24; A.2; C. 10.
Length of the head 0°39 to 0°46 inch; the body 1:02 to 1:14
inch; the tail 2°80 to 3:00 inches; and the egg-pouch 1:30
to 1°46 inch.
The Parisian Museum possesses three males and three females,
sent from Pondicherry by Leschenault; the Leyden Museum
one female, obtamed at Macassar by M. Piller; and a pair from
Assam, sent by Mr. Walker, are deposited in the Berlin Mu-
seum.
This species bears a resemblance to Dr. Riippell’s spicifer,
and may easily be confounded with it, if the generic characters
be overlooked. Dr. Bleeker mentions this resemblance. He
found the dorsal placed on the 3rd to the 8th rings.
Genus 5. SYNGNATHUS *, Linn.
Diagn.—No spines on the straight outstretched cylindrical
snout. Body heptagonal. The dorsal fin stands on a level
with the back, not on an elevated base. The upper border
of the back never runs into the same line with that of the
tail; and the upper border of the tail is either coalescent
with the lateral line, or is interrupted at the end of that line.
Dorsal surface of the body flat or flatly concave, and never
much compressed or bent into an arch. The number of the
body-rings never amounts to 24 or 27. The species occur
in every sea.
* Late authors, following Rafinesque, have placed the Nerophes
that have a caudal fin in Syngnathus, but these cannot be separated
from the Nerophes with finless tails. Bibron has named this genus
Typhlus in the Paris Museum, but has included therein almost all my
new genera of the Syngnathine, and even of the Doryrhamphine, so
that I cannot employ his name.
LOPHOBRANCHII. 33
A. Species having a distinctly prominent line passing through
the middle of the gill-cover.
1. Syngnathus argyrostictus, Kuhl et Van Hasselt.
(Leyden Museum.)
Syngnathus djarong?, Bleeker?
Diagn.—Lateral line straight, interrupted, reaching to the
anal ring. Back flat, sides compressed, and belly acute. The
edge of the back reaching to the 5th ring of the dorsal fin,
and the upper caudal edge terminating at the 2nd ring of
the dorsal, which stands on five caudal rmgs. Body formed
of 16 rings, and the tail of 40.
Descr.—This species comes near the spicifer of Riippell, but
the snout is longer and more slender ; its length, measured from
the front of the orbits, being equal to the distance from thence
to the base of the pectoral fin. The rings are separated from
one another, but without serrature. The tall, brownish dorsal
fin is diaphanons, and the yellowish-brown body is bestrewed
with white specks encircled by black. Tail-pouch dark brown.
The short caudal fin has firm rays, and is of a black colour
erossed by lighter bars.
A male measuring 5 inches in length has the head 0°71 inch
long, the body 0°41 inch, the tail 2°98 inches, the egg-pouch
1°34 inch, and the dorsal fin 0°43 inch long.
Rad.—P. 16; D. 26 or 27; A. 2; C. 10.
Leyden Museum, from Java.
2. Syngnathus biserialis, Gray.
Descr.—Greatly resembles the foregoing species, but the snout
is shorter, and measured from the middle of the orbit its length
is equal to the distance from thence to the base of the pectoral.
Body-rings 16; tail-rings 46.
Rad.—P. 16; D. 27; A.3; C.10.
Length of body 2°01 inches, of tail 2:96 inches, of dorsal fin
0°47 inch, of head 0°64 inch.
This species rests on a bleached Indian specimen in the British
Museum, and I have not been able actually to compare it with
argyrostictus ; so that there is a probability of its being iden-
tical with that species.
cé
34 LOPHOBRANCHII.
3. Syngnathus spicifer, Riippell.
Syngnathus spicifer, Riipp. Neue Wirbelth.
Diagn.—The lateral line descends in a curve to the lower
border of the first tail-ring. Base of the dorsal fin including
the 2nd and 8th tail-rmgs. Back flat, belly acute; 15 rings
before the anal one, and 16 before the dorsal. Edge of the
back reaching to the fifth ring of the dorsal fin.
Deser.—A distinct and handsome species, discovered by Dr.
Riuppell im the Red Sea. The Frankfort specimen is a male.
At Leyden there is one female obtained at Macassar by M. Piller,
and another got by Forster at Celebes. A dried specimen sent
from Pondicherry by Leschenault, and two males and one female
preserved in spirits, captured in the same sea by Reynaud, on the
expedition of the ‘ Chevrette,’ belong to the Paris Museum. |
The snout, measured from the front of the orbit, is as long
as the distance from thence to the root of the pectoral fin. Fore-
head somewhat concave, orbits moderately projecting. A line
rising in relief between the orbits and the somewhat elevated
hind-head, which also has a prominent medial but irregular line.
Body higher than broad, with a sharp belly and very distinct
edges. Tail of 39 or 40 rings.
Rad.—P. 14; D. 27; A. 2, very rudimentary; C. 10. :
Length of head 0°73 inch, of snout 0°33 inch, of body 2°00
inches, of egg-pouch 1°81 inch.
Under part of the snout brownish, gill-cover whitish with black
dots. Belly whitish, with 17 black cross-bands rismg to the
angle of the back. The short dorsal fin is speckled with black.
The Macassar female has distinct markings. Another female
6°78 inches long, is almost black, with traces only of white
spots; it was brought from Guinea, and is in the Leyden Mu-
seum. The dried Parisian specimen, which is from Pondicherry,
has no distinct markings, nor any decided colour. It is evident,
from the above remarks, that the species is very widely diffused
in the ocean. Since the patterns of colours which it exhibits
are not constant, I have drawn up the specific characters rather
from peculiarities of form.
4, Syngnathus Kuhlii, Kp.
Syngnathus variegatus, Kuhl et V. Hass.
Diagn.—Lateral line descending in an arch to the lower
border of the first tail-rmg. Dorsal fin placed on five rings.
~
LOPHOBRANCHII. 35
the first of which is the anal ring. There are 12 rings
before the dorsal, and 13 if the anal ring be included. The
upper edge of the back continues on to the 2nd ring of the
dorsal, and the upper edge of the tail comes forward upon
the anal ring.
Deser.—The diagnosis shows us that this species is allied to
spicifer. The snout, which is a little recurved in its height, is
somewhat shorter than the head, and the belly is slightly acute.
Tail-rings 34. On the short dorsal there are three rows of
black spots, and a black speckling on the greyish ground-colour
of the caudal, whose border is lighter. On the seven specimens
discoloured by alcohol, belonging to the Leyden Museum, there
is a trace of a darker transverse bar on each ring, which is also
one of the characters of spicifer. The Paris Museum possesses
a male, in which the distinctly keeled belly is black.
Rad.—P. 14; D.21; A.2; C.10.
Entire length 4°53 inches. Length of snout 0°32 inch; of
head and snout together 0°59 inch ; from the top of the snout to
the anus 0°59 inch; of tail, 2‘80 inches; of the dorsal fin
0°35 inch.
5. Syngnathus flavescens, Kp.
Diagn.—Snout half the length of the head, traversed up to the
mouth by a crest ; 12 rings before the dorsal, which stands
on 11 rings, three of them belonging to the body. Tail-
rings 37.
Descr.—This species resembles S. Agassizi, but has on both
sides of the head traces of a line in relief, which extends from the
orbit to the hind-head; sunken lines on the middle shield of
the occiput, on the nuchal shield, and on the dorsal surface of
the pectoral ring, which parts are merely shagreened in Agas-
$izi.
Rad.—P. 12; D. 37; A.3; C.10.
I have seen a female specimen only, which measured 3°55
iches in length. Length of its head 0°49 inch, of body 1:42
inch, of tail 2°13 inches, of dorsal fin 0°59 inch.
A specimen at Leyden, brought from Tripoli by M. Clifford.
36 LOPHOBRANCHII.
B. Species having the keel restricted to the fore parts of the
gill-cover.
6. Syngnathus pelagicus, Linn.
Syngnathus pelagicus, Bloch, t. 109. f. 3.
Diagn.—Lateral line interrupted at the first tail-rmg. The
high black-striped dorsal fin standmg on seven or eight
rings, of which two are body-rings ; 15 rings before the
dorsal, and 17 up to the anal ring. Under the lateral line,
on the extremity of each ring, a narrow, perpendicular white
band bordered with black, which as it rises on the margin
of the back becomes darker.
Descr.—One of the commonest species, and found in every
collection, and in all seas. Snout tolerably long, and measuring
from the fore-border of the orbit, as much as the space from
thence to the base of the pectoral fin. Body higher than broad.
Tail-rmgs 32. The egg-pouch pretty short, and occupying
scarcely half the length of the tail.
Rad.—P. 17; D. 26-28; A. 4; C.10.
This species varies greatly. Some individuals resemble Bloch’s
figure, and exhibit two or three perpendicular bars, with un-
spotted imtervenmg spaces. The silver-coloured stripes are
sometimes reduced to mere spots. On the tail there are cross-
bars, and sometimes merely traces thereof. The under-piece
of the gill-cover and the higher portion of the pectoral ring
exhibit a golden lustre. A male m the Paris Museum, under
the name of Typhlus anonymus, Bibron, has the snout and gill-
cover striped with black, and the silvery -white cross-belts are
oval and yellowish. This variety is 5°79 inches long. Length
of its head 0-71 inch, of its dorsal fin 0°63 inch, of its tail
3°35 inches.
The Frankfort, British and Berlin Museums possess indivi-
duals from the Brazils, Falkland Islands, Cape of Good Hope and
Australia.
7. Syngnathus Temminckii, Kp.
Diagn.—Snout as long as the distance between the hinder
border of the orbits and the extremity of the gill-cover.
Head and snout roughly shagreened, and measuring one-
ninth of the whoie length. Seventeen body-rings before
the dorsal fin. Tail-rmgs 37. Dorsal fin standing on 9
rings, of which two belong to the body.
LOPHOBRANCHII. of
Deser.—This species is distinguished, by its combined cha-
racters, from the others which inhabit the seas round the Cape
of Good Hope. The prominent line on the snout is not toothed,
and the lateral line is interrupted. Thirty-one rays exist in the
dorsal fin, which is somewhat longer than the head. Colour a
smutty yellowish-brown, irregularly speckled. A female 6°26
inches long, has a snout 0°28 inch long, the tail 3°66 inches, and
the dorsal fin 0°73 inch. In a smaller male of 5-08 inches, the
egg-pouch measures 1°58 inch. Its predominating colour is
brownish with smutty yellowish specks.
A male and a female specimen, procured by M. Horstock at
the Cape, exist in the Leyden Museum; and I have named the
species after the Director of that Museum out of gratitude and
esteem.
8. Syngnathus brevirostris, Hempr. et Ehrenb.
Diagn.—Snout, measured from the fore-border of the orbit,
as long as the distance between the hinder border of the
orbit and the edge of the gill-cover; it is furnished with a
keel, which runs on the same level with the forehead. Hind-
head somewhat elevated. Seventeen rings before the dorsal
fin, which stands on 8 rings, two of them belonging to
the body. This fin has 30 or 31 rays, and equals the head
in length.
Deser.—This species comes near S. Agassizi and S. Murena,
both of which have a longer and more slender snout, and a dorsal
fin shorter than the head; also a more sudden descent of the
forehead to the snout. The colour is reddish, finely dotted with
black and lighter points. A young female shows narrow clear
cross bands, separated by wider intervals. The inner side of the
seales over the egg-pouch of the male is reddish with white
specks, and the skin of the pouch is flesh-coloured. Dorsal fin
diaphanous, and speckled with black at the base between its rays.
A male having a total length of 4°65 inches, has the head 0°55
inch long, the snout 0:24 inch, the body, up to the anal ring,
1-26 inch, the dorsal fin 0°55 inch, and the egg-pouch 1°38 inch
long.
There are two specimens in the Berlin Museum, which were
procured at Trieste by Ehrenberg and Hemprich.
38 LOPHOBRANCHII.
9, Syngnathus Agassizi, Michahelles.
Syngnathus Agassizi, Michah. Isis, 1829, p. 1013.
Syngnathus luculentus, Rathke, 1842, in Nordmann’s Pisces dans
la Voyage en la Russ. mér. par Demidoff, pp. 132, 133.
Diagn.—Snout as long as the head. From 13 to 16 rings an-
terior to the dorsal fin, and 15 to 18 before the anal rmg.
Dorsal fin standing on from 7 to 10 rings, of which one or
two belong to the body. Tail composed of from 35 to 39
rings.
Deser.—On account of the small size common to this species
and abaster, they may be confounded with one another, but the
longer and more slender snout, destitute of a thin crest, the
absence of the prominent Ime encompassing the forehead and
occiput, or its less distinct expression than in abaster, suffi-
ciently distinguish Agassizi, which isin addition more elongated.
Nordmann’s excellent figure in Demidoff’s Voyage shows three
white silvery spots on the silvery scales of the edge of the belly.
Rad.—P. 15; D. 22; A. 3; C. 10.
In the Paris Museum this species is kept under the name of
S. littoralis of Risso, which properly belongs to the Nerophis
ophidion of Risso. I saw a great many examples in Paris, sent
from Dalmatia by Michahelles, and others from the Black Sea
by Nordmann. From the latter quarter, also, the Vienna Mu-
seum received specimens. The largest number, however, in the
Paris Museum, were transmitted by Savigny from Naples.
Rathke sent a female from Norway to the Berlin Museum, and
Demidoff two from the Black Sea.
The species may be confounded with young individuals of S.
rubescens, but these have a slender head, a longer snout, and
a dorsal fin shorter than the head. A large female, having a
length of 5°49 inches, has the head 0°67 inch long, the snout
0°35 inch, the body 1°69 inch, and the dorsal iin 0°75 inch long.
A male 5°40 inches of total length, has the head 0°63 inch, the
snout 0°32 inch, the body 1°46 inch, the dorsal fin 0°55 inch,
and the egg-pouch 1°58 inch long.
10. Syngnathus Cuvieri, Kp.
Diagn.—Snout half the length of the head. Hind-head short
and elevated. No prominent line between the orbit and
hind-head. Eleven or twelve rings before the dorsal fin, of
which two belong to the body.
LOPHOBRANCHII. 39
Descr.—Head broader at the bulging gill-covers and at the
pectoral ring than in Agassizi, the breadth at the latter place
being as seven to five in Agassizi. Tail-rings 40. Egg-pouch
occupying 22 rings. Dorsal fin having from 38 to 41 rays, and
measuring from 0°79 to 0°91 inch in length. A female, having
a total length of 5°44 inches, has the following measurements
of parts :—of the head 0°65 inch, the body 1°93 inch, the dorsal
fin 0°79 inch, the tail 3°51 inches. A male measures as follows :
—entire length 6°90 inches, length of head 0°63 inch, of body
1:97 inch, of dorsal 0°91 inch, of egg-pouch 1°97 inch, and of
tail 3°74 inches. Colour reddish, with numerous fine yellowish
specks. Under-piece of the gill-cover and the belly silvery or
white.
The Leyden Museum possesses a great number of specimens
of all ages from Catwyk in the North Sea, and the Paris Museum
one only from Naples, sent by Savigny.
11. Syngnathus abaster, Risso.
Syngnathus abaster, Risso, Hist. Nat. p. 182.
Diagn.—The short snout is sirmounted by a leaf-like crest,
which is notched near the mouth, and stands higher than
the forehead and orbits. A strongly prominent line passing
over the nostrils and orbit encompasses the hind-head.
Descr.—A very distinct and interesting species ; the follow-
ing description of which is taken from four male and as many
female specimens that were sent to the Paris Museum by D’Or-
bigny under the above name from Rochelle. The forehead is
broad and concave, and the flatly convex hind-head is encom-
passed by a prominent edge that proceeds from the projecting
orbit. There are 15 rings before the dorsal fin, which stands on
9 rings, of which one belongs to the body. No break exists at
the junction of the lateral line with the upper edge of the tail.
The back is made concave by the prominence of its edges, and
the belly is distinctly keeled. Colour brownish, with fine yel-
lowish specks. A handsome female shows an interrupted cross
bar on each ring, and a black spot near the back, with the ven-
tral keel darker. Another female wants these distinct markings.
The males are spotted all over with fine light spots besprinkling
a dark ground. ‘Tail-pouch yellowish, with darker specks near
the scales.
A large male, measuring 5°40 inches of total length, has the
head 0°59 inch long, the back-fin 0°63 inch, and the tail 3°43
inches long.
40 LOPHOBRANCHII.
Rad.—P. 12; D. 33; A. 3; C. 10.
I could not have recognized this species from Risso’s descrip-
tion, which is by no means accurate; but I must conclude that
the French savants have compared that description with Risso’s
specimens still existing in his collection.
12. Syngnathus Murena, Kp. (Brit. Mus.)
Syngnathus cbsoletus, Paris Mus.
Typhlus obsoletus, Bibron, MSS.
Diagn.—Length of the snout from the fore-border of the
orbit as long as the distance between the posterior border
and the extreme edge of the gill-cover; 16 rings before the
dorsal fin, which stands upon 5 caudal rings.
Deser.—A small, dark-coloured species. It is greyish-brown,
marbled with black. The gill-cover lineated and speckled. The
head shagreened and destitute of a crest and of any elevation of
the hind-head, or havig merely a trace thereof. Hind-head
and nuchal shield feebly keeled. 36 caudal rings, 18 rings be-
longing to the egg-pouch. No interruption at the confluence of
the lateral line with the edge of the tail. All the scales of the
rings are rough in proportion to the size of the species.
A large male has the body 1°89 inch long, the back fin 0°51
inch, the ege-pouch 1°69 inch, and the tail 3-07 inches long,
Rad.—P. 12; D. 28; A.3; C. 9.
The British Museum possesses a great number of specimens
obtained on the north coast of Africa, and four males exist in
the Paris collection.
13. Syngnathus Rousseau, Kp.
Diagn.—Lateral line interrupted above the anal ring. Of the
7 rings on which the dorsal stands, two are body-rings.
Each ring is interrupted by a short marginal spe. There
are 14 rings before the dorsal fin, and 16 body-rings, in-
cluding the anal one, with 34 caudal rings.
Descr.—A male transmitted to the Parisian collection from
Martinique by Alexander Rousseau, is unfortunately not in good
condition, and of its pectoral and dorsal fins there are merely
. traces remaining. The moderately developed caudal fin has, as
usual, 10 rays. Measured from the front of the orbit, the
snout has a length equal to the distance from the same place to
the edge of the gill-cover.
LOPHOBRANCHII. 41
14. Syngnathus Phlegon, Risso.
Syngnathus Phlegon, Risso, Hist. Nat. p. 181.
Diagn.—Lateral line reaching to the first caudal ring, inter-
rupted. Dorsal fin supported by 13 rings, two of which are
body-rings. 16 rings anterior to the dorsal, and 18 when
the anal one is included. A spine terminates each ring.
Deser.—A handsome species, to be recognized at a glance by
its silvery sides and belly, and which may be further known by
its high dorsal fin, long tail, and spiny angles. The length of
the slender snout from the projecting pointed fore-corner of the
orbit exceeds the distance between the same point and the base
of the pectoral fin. The wrinkled snout is rough, and toothed
on its dorsal aspect. Between the elevated orbits there are pro-
minent longitudinal and cross stripes, and the hind-head is some-
what elevated at its slightly keeled shield, which has two notches
next the nuchal shield. The oval gill-cover, nearly as broad as
it is high, is crossed by distinct, rough bars. Sixteen rings enter
into the composition of the body, which is much higher than it
is broad ; and the pectoral ring is concave on its dorsal aspect
and convex onits ventral one. Pectoral fin, in comparison with
Acus, moderately long; 12 or 13 rings sustain the long and high
dorsal fin, which contains from 40 to 42 rays. Tail almost twice
as long as the body, and composed of 50 rings.
A female, 8°27 inches long, has a tail measuring 5°12 inches.
Each body- and tail-ring has a blackish spot. The belly is
striped beneath the lateral lines, and the under part of the gill-
cover is silvery-white. Caudal fin black. The length of the
egg-pouch is such, that it terminates an inch from the point of
the tail. My description is drawn up from a male in the Vienna
Museum sent from Palermo, a female in the Frankfort Museum,
several males in the British Museum from Cosseir, and from a
great number of specimens in the Parisian Museum obtained
from Risso, and also from three individuals sent from the Cape
of Good Hope to the Leyden Museum by Horstock.
15. Syngnathus Acus, Linn.
Syngnathus Acus, Bloch, t. 91; Yarrell, p. 432.
Diagn.—A denticulated crest on the convex, oval hind-head.
Dorsal aspect of the snout also denticulated. Snout not so
long as that of tenuirostris. Eighteen body-rings. Dorsal
42 . LOPHOBRANCHII.
fin longer than the snout and head together, standing on
9 or 10 rings, and supported by 39 or 40 rays.
Descr.—This species attains to a great size, authors say even
to 3 feet, though I have met with none exceeding 16 inches in
length. From the acute and projecting upper border of the orbit
a raised edge runs to the elevated and scarred hind-head, which _
has a median longitudinal line rising in relief. There is also on
the dorsal aspect of the snout a raised line, which entering be-
tween the orbits reaches the forehead. Gill-cover swollen, with
a prominent line at its commencement, and in both directions
roughly pointed and striped. Back slightly concave. Lateral
line interrupted at the anal rmg. Cross-bands are shown more
or less distinctly on the body and tail by well-preserved speci-
mens, and on the tail there are irregular longitudinal streaks,
as in tenuirostris.
Amale. Afemale. Afemale. Afemale. A male.
Total length............ 13°40 in. 13°79in. 14°92in. 15°12in. 16°95 in.
Length of snout ........ 1:06 ,, 1:02,, 1°20,, 1°20,, 1°02 ,,
Length of dorsal fin .... 1°65,, 162,, 1°81,, 189,, 1°77 55
No. of rays of dorsal fin. . 10 10 10 9 10
No. of body-rings ...... 18 18 18 18 18
No. of caudal rings .... 45 44 45 43 44
Owing to the older authors having described Siphonostoma
typhle under the name of Acus, Limneus has mingled his refer-
ences in such a way that they can scarcely be disentangled.
Acus is found in all museums ; obtained from the Atlantic Ocean,
rarely from the Adriatic.
16. Syngnathus brachyrhynchus, Kp.
Descr.—This has all the characters of Acus; but its snout is
shorter, being equal in length to the distance between the fore
border of the orbit and the proximal edge of the pectoral ring.
A dried male specimen from the Isle of Bourbon, sent by M.
Nigou, exists in the Paris Museum. It is, excluding the caudal
fin, 11°82 inches long ; the head measures 1°42 inch; the snout
0°79 inch; up to the dorsal fin the measurement is 4°64 inches,
and the rings of the dorsal fin are 1°38 inch long.
17. Syngnathus variegatus, Pallas.
Syngnathus variegatus, Rathke, t. 11. f. 7, 8.
Diagn.—The short snout, measured from the fore-angle of the
eye, equal in length to the distance from thence to the
LOPHOBRANCHII. 43
distal edge of the pectoral ring, or to the base of the pec-
toral fin. The space occupied by the dorsal fin a little ex-
ceeds the length of the head. There are 17 or 18 rings up
to the dorsal fin, which stands on 9 rings.
Descr.—This species approaches nearer to Acus and rubescens
than to fenuirostris; but the cross-bands are not so distinct as
in the two former species. It inhabits the Black Sea. The Paris
and Berlin Museums possess several specimens collected by
Count Demidoff and Von Nordmann ; tenwirostris being mixed
with this species in both collections. The Petersburg Museum
also possesses specimens.
18. Syngnathus rubescens, Risso.
Syngnathus ferrugmeus, Michah. Isis, 1829, p. 1013.
Diagn.—Length of the snout measured from the proximal
border of the orbit equal to the distance from thence to the
extremity of the pectoral ring, or a little more. Head
longer than the space occupied by the dorsal fin, which
stands on from 7 to 9 rings. Body-rings from 16 to 18.
Descr.—This species is intermediate between Acus and tenui-
rostris, and is not easily distinguished. Its snout is longer and
generally more slender than that of Acus, but not so long as that
of tenuirostris. In nimeteen examples the number of body-rings
is 16; in two itis 17. In ten individuals the number of rings
belonging to the dorsal fin is 7, and in seven othersit is 8. The
rays of the dorsal fin vary in number from 37 to 39. In some
individuals the lateral lines are interrupted on both sides, in
others the line is broken on the right or on the left side only,
and in others again it unites without break to the upper edge of
the tail. The largest number of specimens have a uniform red-
dish hue, others exhibit cross-bars as in acus and tenuirostris.
In the Paris Museum there are three dried specinens from
the Canaries, collected by Webb and Bertholet, eight procured
on the voyage of the ‘Zelée and Astrolabe,’ and seven others
sent by Picart, without any notice of the locality from whence
they came; but as they are covered with the same kind of varnish
that Webb and Bertholet’s have been prepared with, it is pro-
bable that they also came from the Canary Islands. The Leyden
Museum possesses seventeen specimens in alcohol brought from
the Cape of Good Hope by Horstock. Some of these have a
uniform reddish tint, others are grey, speckled and barred with
black.
44 LOPHOBRANCHII.
This species varies also in the length of the snout, which is
moreover more slender in the males. Young individuals have a
somewhat different physiognomy, owing to the more developed
rostral crest being stretched out more nearly in the plane of the
head, which is but slightly elevated. The dark cross-bands are
bordered posteriorly with white, and there are bluish-white spots
along the ventral line. The ground-colour is grey marbled with
brownish tints.
19. Syngnathus tenuirostris, Rathke.
Syngnathus tenuirostris, Rathke et V. Nordmann, Pisces, in A.
de Demidoff’s Voy. dans la Russie mér. t. 11. f. 1, 2.
Syngnathus Acus, Michahelles, Isis, 1829, p. 1012.
Diagn.—The long, thin snout measured from the proximal
border of the orbit is equal in length to the distance from
thence to the second body-ring. Body-rings from 15 to 17.
Dorsal fin standing on from 7 to 9 rings, having 35 or 36
rays, and occupying a space much shorter than the length
of the head and snout together.
Descr.—This handsome and easily determimed species ap-
proaches nearest to Acus, but its occipital crest and the edges
of the back and belly are more distinctly toothed. I never saw
a full-grown Acus with so lengthened a snout: a specimen of
Acus measuring 154 inches, has a snout no longer than that of
an individual of tenuirostris, whose total length does not exceed
93 inches. The numbers of rings and lengths of the snouts of
nine specimens are here subjomed.
No. of), Or SERIES oe GE
Bee ee ee areas
inch. inch. sae aie iv
1. Avmale.... 8:67 0°94 17 8 42
2. A female .. 8°87 0°87 15 8 39
3. Amale.... 9:46 0:98 ily 7 40
4. Amale.... 9°65 0:95 16 9 43
5. A female .. 9°85 0:95 17 8 42
6. A male.... 9°85 0:91 16 8 40
7. A female .. 12°41 1:30 17; 8 42
8. A male,... 12°60 1:18 17 8 40
9. A female .. 13°00 1:30 17 8 40
An inhabitant of the Adriatic and Black Seas. Various speci-
mens in the British and Parisian collections.
LOPHOBRANCHII. 45
20. Syngnathus fasciatus, Jam. §- Kay.
Syngnathus fasciatus, Jam. § Kay, Zool. of New York, p. 319.
f.17
175.
Syngnathus typhle, Mitch. Trans. Lit.§ Phil. New York,i. p.175.
Diagn.—The high dorsal fin, having 17 rings before it, stand-
ing on 9, of which 4 belong to the body, and supported by
34 or 35 rays, has a brownish colour with about nine oblique
whitish bars.
Deser.—This species comes near to Acus, but is easily distin-
guished from it by the diagnosis. It shows twelve or thirteen dark,
or darkly marbled, cross-bands on the body and tail, on a lighter
ground-colour. The snout is shorter, being no longer than the
distance between the proximal border of the orbit and the distal
edge of the gill-cover. The back is thmner and more concave.
Rad.—P.15; D. 34 or 35; A.3; C.10.
In the Parisian Museum there is a female specimen which was
sent from New York by M. Mibbert, and a younger female one
from Savannah, sent by Madame Harper. This last is of a
uniform colour, with a golden lustre on the gill-cover. Length
of its head 0°67 inch; length of head and body 2°17 inches; of
the dorsal fin 0°63 inch; of the tail 3°22 inches.
21. Syngnathus Delalandi, Kp.
Typhlus Delalandi, Bibron in Mus. Paris.
Diagn.—Length of the slender snout equal to the distance
between the fore border of the orbit and the root or end of
the pectoral fin. Head and snout together either a little
shorter or a little longer than the space in which the dorsal
fin stands. The dorsal is based on 10 rings, and there are
from 18 to 20 rmgs before it.
Descr.—In the Paris Museum there is a Cape of Good Hope
specimen, procured by Delalande. Its snout is more slender
than that of rufescens, and the body longer, but the tail again
shorter. The colour is a uniform brown, with a bronze lustre.
Its length is 7°12 inches. Length of its head 0°91 inch; of its
snout 0°51 inch; of the body, measured from the edge of the
pectoral ring to the vent, 2°17 inches; of the dorsal fin 0°95
inch; of the tail 4°25 inches. In the Berlin Museum there are
two male specimens sent by M. Krebs, also from the Cape seas.
Length 5°91 inches ; of head 0°82 inch; of the snout 0°47 inch ;
of the body 1°85 inch; of the dorsal fin 0°78 inch ; of the tail-
46 LOPHOBRANCHII.
pouch 1°85 inch. These have 18 rings before the dorsal fin,
whose length rather exceeds that of the snout and head to-
gether; their colour is reddish-brown with lighter and darker
specks.
22. Syngnathus Schlegeli, Kp.
Syngnathus tenuirostris, Temm. et Schleg. F. Japon. t. 120. f. 5.
Diagn.—Snout elongated and very slender, equal in length
to the distance between the fore border of the orbit and the
base of the pectoral fin. Length of the dorsal fin fifty
times its height and twice the length of the snout.
Descr. of the original specimen belonging to the Leyden Mu-
seum.—Head more lengthened and not so high as that of Acus.
There are 18 rings before the dorsal fin, which stands on 9 rings,
and is supported by 35 rays. The roof-shaped scales lying over
the egg-pouch are more developed than in Acus. Colour brown-
ish-grey, with darker specks on the tail. The dorsal translucent,
and bluish without spots. I have seen dried Chinese examples
of this species.
Of the Syngnathus sundaicus and S. djarong of Bleeker I
have seen no specimens, and am unable to describe them with
sufficient accuracy merely from plates. 8. djarong is perhaps
the argyrostictus of Kuhl and Van Hasselt.
Genus 6. LEPTONOTUS, Kp.
Diagn.—In the females the body is laterally much compressed,
the back very narrow, and the belly acute. The dorsal
profile rises suddenly behind the pectoral fin.
Descr.—The female has a knife-like acuteness of the back,
and in advanced age the height of the body is five times its
breadth; but in the young it is merely from one and a half to
three times the breadth. The tail is nearly twice the length of
the body.
1. Leptonotus Blainvillii, Kp.
Syngnathus Blainvillianus, Eydour et Gerv. in Guérin, Mag.
Zool. iv. t. 16.
Diagn.—Lateral line uniting by an arch with the upper edge
of the tail. Body-rmgs 19. Tail-rmgs 50. Dorsal fin
standing on 10 rings, of which two belong to the body.
LOPHOBRANCHII. 47
Descr.—Length of the snout equal to the distance between
the fore border of the orbit and the base of the pectoral fin. A
smooth crest runs from the forehead to the mouth. Head scarred
and traversed by elevated streaks. A line in low relief runs between
the orbit and hind-head ; and there is a small keel on the occiput,
nuchal shield and pectoral ring. Gill-cover bulging, with a trace
of a keel at its origin, and stripes in both directions. An old
female in the British Museum, which I have figured, has a yel-
lowish-brown colour, with black back and belly. Mr. Bridges
brought it from South America. Its body is four times as high
as it is broad. Another female, not so long, but having a higher
body, has a bronze lustre on the body and gill-cover, silvery
pectoral ring and belly, and traces of bluish cross-bars on the
first and last body-rings. It was sent from Peru by M. Dubois
to the Paris collection. An old female, collected during the
Voyage of the Favorite by Eydoux, is the one whose portrait
I have given. A young female in the British Museum shows
traces of cross-bars on the tail. A moderately old female has
the back neither so much compressed nor so high, yet with some
elevation in the middle of its length. The ground-colour in this
one is yellowish-brown : it is from Peru, and was presented to
the Paris Museum by M. Dubois. Another young female,
5°08 inches long, is only one and a half times as high as it is
broad, and the back is only half the breadth of the belly. The
general colour is dark brownish-green, with lighter belly and
gill-cover: it is also m the Pans Museum. A male in the
British Museum, which has an egg-pouch 1°69 inch long, has a
projection of the belly at the 8th ring, a cross-belt on each ring,
and is irregularly speckled with white and yellowish spots. It
was sent from South America by Mr. Bridges. A male mea-
surmg 5°91 inches in length, and having a ventral pouch of
1:13 inch, is dark, with five still darker cross-bars on the body.
The back and sides are traversed by slender interrupted black
lines, and are dotted. It belongs to the Paris Museum, and is
from the Auckland Islands. A very young female in the British
Museum shows 5 cross-bands on the body and 12 on the tail.
A male from New Zealand, presented to the Paris Museum by
M. De Belligny, is finely dotted by irregular brown spots having
black borders. The old female which is here figured is 8°62
inches long. The length of its head is 1'14 inch; of its snout
0°68 inch; its greatest height is 0°63 inch ; its thickness 0°16 in.;
and the length of its tail 5°20 inches.
Rad.—P. 18; D. 35 or 36; A.3; C. 10.
It is a native of South America, Peru, Chili, Auckland Islands,
and New Zealand.
i =
48 LOPHOBRANCHII.
2. Leptonotus semistriatus, Kp.
Diagn.—Under the interrupted lateral line 19 cross stripes ;
above that line yellow spots with black borders.
Deser.— Snout longer than the head, and when measured
from the fore angle of the eye, equal in length to the distance
from thence to the base of the pectoral fin. Body-rings 19.
Tail-rings 48. Dorsal standmg on {0 rings, whereof three be-
long to the body. Colour yellowish-brown, the belly whitish.
Rad.—P. 12; D.38; A.3; C. 10.
Entire length 9°34 inches ; length of head 1°46 inch ; of the
snout 0°85 inch; of the tail 5°32 mches. Its greatest height is
0°67 inch, and its breadth 0°20 inch.
The specimen is in the British Museum; its ongin is not
noted.
Genus 7. SIPHONOSTOMUS, Rafinesque.
Diagn.—Pectoral ring cleft onits ventral aspect in the middle
of its length.
Descr.—A long and pretty thick fish, with a greatly compressed
snout, exceeding the head in length, and projecting evenly in
the plane of the forehead. The species inhabits the European
and African seas.
1. Siphonostomus pyréis, Bonaparte.
Siphonostomus pyroéis, Bonap. Cat. Meth. p. 90. sp. 800. t. 5.
f. 40.
Syngnathus pyrois, Risso, Hist. Nat. p. 180.
Syngnathus pelagicus, Risso, Ichth. de Nice, 63.3.
Diagn.—Snout the shortest and highest of the genus. The
space between the front of the orbit and the extremity of
the flat gill-cover bears a proportion to the length of the
snout up to the leaf-like prolongation of its lower piece, of
one to one and a half.
Deser.—It has a higher hind-head than the other specie, and
the forehead is rough, but not concave. The seven edges of the
body are not toothed, and the dorsal fin standing on 8 caudal
rings is supported by from 31 to 34 rays. There are 17 body-
rings, or 18 if the pectoral rmg be imeluded, and the tail is com-
posed of 35 rings. This species is less slim than Rondeleti.
LOPHOBRANCHII. 49
Risso describes a very large individual 15°76 inches long, and
says that the colour of its back was a mixture of grey, brown
and greenish tints with whitish spots. The belly white, with
a silvery lustre, marbled and variegated by golden lines and mark-
ings. Risso also notices a variety having a more reddish hue,
whose dimensions were less. It is probable that the first figure
of Rondeletius represents this species. The Vienna Museum
possesses a specimen.
2. Siphonostomus typhle, Bonap.
Syngnathus typhle, Linn. ; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, p- 139.
Siphonostomus typhle, Bonap. Cat. Méth. p. 89. t. 5. f. 42.
Willughby, p. 158. t. 25. f. 1.
Syngnathus acus, Hekstrém, die Fische der Mérké, p. 123. t. 6.
Tile 2.
Siphonostoma acus, Rafinesque, p. 35.
Diagn.—Snout bearing a greater proportion than one and a half
to the space between the front of the orbit and the distal
edge of the gill-cover. Hind-head almost flat, and the
forehead between the eyes somewhat concave. The seven
edges of the body are not toothed. Dorsal fin supported
by 38 or 39 rays on 9 or 10 rings, of which the first is the
anal ring.
Deser.— The largest individual seen by Yarrell measured
13 inches. The colour is olive-green, speckled with yellowish-
brown and yellowish-white. The belly yellowish. This species
never exhibits black cross-lines on the snout like Rondeletii.
According to Eckstrém the females are larger, and have at all
periods a lighter colour. When we consider the references
given by Linnzus, and the minutely observed character of Acus,
“* Truncus scutis subtilissime striatis,’ and the distinctive pecu-
liarity of typhle, “ rostrum tenue subcompressum,” introduced as
parts of his description, it becomes evident that he has drawn
that description from both species. His further observation,
“ Pedem longitudinis vix excedens,” belongs to typhle, since Acus
attains a length of 2 feet. A dotted dorsal fin is moreover a
character of Acus, and not of typhle, whose dorsal is of one
colour. The species may likewise be confounded with the fol-
lowing one, but the snont is smaller and more slender; it is
scarcely so high as the diameter of the orbit. In typhle the
acute dorsal crest of the snout is not so much developed, and the
D
50 LOPHOBRANCHII.
leaf-lke appendage of the under piece of the mouth does not
project so far.
This fish seems to be more rare on the coasts of Britain than
on those of Norway and Sweden.
3. Siphonostomus Rondeletii, Bonap.
Syngnathus Rondeletii, Delaroche, Ann. du Mus. 1809, t. xiii.
p. 324. pl. 21. f. 5.
Syngnathus viridis, Risso, Hist. Nat. p. 179 (1826); Ichth. de
Nice, p. 65 (1810),
Syngnathus rhynchenus, Michah. Isis, 1829, p. 1014.
Siphonostomus Rondeletii, Bonap. t. 5. f. 41.
Diagn.—Length of the snout exceeding one and a half times
the distance between the front of the orbit and the extre-
mity of the gill-cover. Hind-head and space between the
eyes flat. Pretty deep lines divide the forehead from the
orbits.
Descr.—The seven edges of the body are not toothed. Eight
or nine rings sustain a dorsal fin, which is extended by 37 rays ;
and there are 18 or 19 body-rings, and from 33 to 35 caudal
ones. Accordig to Risso the back is bright green; the sides
and belly are yellowish-green, gilded by a golden lustre, and
ornamented by silvery spots and some dark lines. A variety
exhibits a brownish-green hue with blackish cross-bars. Those
which I have seen have irregular transverse lines on the snout,
a longitudinal line near the eye, and another line running ob-
liquely from the point of the snout to the middle of the eye.
Some have clear round spots on the gill-cover, others have irre-
gular markings on the breast and belly, while others again are
ornamented by a fine network, and exhibit a golden or silvery
lustre on the gill-cover; and some few display on a greenish
ground-colour white spots arranged in roundish figures.
4, Siphonostomus argentatus.
Syngnathus argentatus, Pallas, according to Nordmann, in De-
midoff’s Voyage.
Diagn.—Head and edges of the body toothed.
Descr.—Snout more than one and a half times the length of
the space between the fore corner of the eye and the extremity
of the gill-cover. The hind-head almost flat, and the interval
LOPHOBRANCHII, 5]
between the orbits and nostrils moderately concave. Dorsal fin
sustained by 39 rays upon 9 caudal rings; and the egg-pouch
attached to 24 caudal rmgs.
This species inhabits the Black Sea. Sundry examples of it
exist in the Vienna collection, and two in the Paris Museum
obtained from Nordmann.
5. Siphonostomus rotundatus.
Siphonostomus rotundatus, Bonap.t. 5. f. 44 (the under figure) ;
Cat. Méth. p. 90.
Syngnathus rotundatus, Michah. Isis, 1821, p. 1014.
Diagn.—The snout more than twice as long as the space be-
tween the fore border of the orbit and the extremity of the
gill-cover.
Descr.—This is the smallest species with the longest snout.
The hind-head is slightly elevated, and there is a concavity be-
tween the orbits and nostrils. Its body has the thickness of a
goose-quill, and the translucent dorsal is extended by 32 rays on
Y caudal rings. There are 17 body-rings and 34 caudal ones.
The egg-pouch is suspended to 21 rmgs. In the middle of each
ventral scale there is a prominent transverse line which forms a
cross with a longitudinal line. Michahelles makes a mistake in
ascribing to this species five angles, since it has the customary
seven angles. It is found at Trieste. Numerous specimens ob-
tamed from Michahelles exist in the British Museum, and the
Vienna collection contains many from Heckel.
Genus 8. LEPTOICHTHYS, Kp.
Fistularia, Quoy and Gaimard.
Typhlus, Bibron, Paris Museum.
Diagn.—Snout very long, thin and much compressed, extended
in the same plane with the finely shagreened head. Body
unusally elongated, hexagonal, with flat back and belly
without intermediate scales. All the fins are much deve-
loped, especially the caudal one. The gill-opening is a
longer slit than usual.
52 LOPHOBRANCHII.
1. Leptoichthys fistularius, Ap.
Typhlus fistularius, Bibron.
Descr.—This highly interesting species is possessed solely by
the Paris Museum, to which a female example was sent by Quoy
and Gaimard. In its very long snout it accords with Syngnathus,
Siphonostomus, Doryrhamphus, and more particularly with Stig-
matophora. By its six-sided roundish body it resembles Ner-
ophis; but its unwontedly long thin snout and developed fins
distinguish it at the first glance from all the other Lophobran-
chit. Head oval, occipital shield small, and a furrow com-
mencing at the orbit accompanies the rostral crest. Up to the
anus there are 27 body-rings, 24 of them before the dorsal, which
stands on 9 rings, 3 of them belonging to the body. The tail is
four-cornered, higher than it is broad, and composed of 24 long
vings. Colour yellowish-brown, with a black cross-band on each
ring ; ventral piece of the pectoral ring and the gill-cover silvery.
Entire length 22 inches. Length of snout 1°97 inch; of head
and snout 2°76 inches ; of dorsal fin 1°97 inch; of tail 9°46 inches.
The middle ray of the caudal, though it is assuredly not entire,
is 091 inch long.
Rad:——P. 2).;, D. 373, A. 834010:
It inhabits King George’s Sound. Until we become acquainted
with the male fish, it is difficult to classify this species. It may
possibly belong to the Nerophine, or it may be the type of a
peculiar subfamily.
Genus 9. STIGMATOPHORA, Kp.
Diagn.—A pectoral fin, but no caudal one.
Deser.—A thin acutely ridged snout, greatly prolonged in the
same line with an even and nowise elevated head, has its mouth
directed upwards. The snout, head, and gill-cover are finely
shagreened, and the head is divided into irregular bucklers by
sunk limes; but the nuchal shield and breast-ring are not so
divided, though the latter is separated on its dorsal aspect into
two shields, whilst on its ventral aspect it tapers to a point
without division. Three rays support the anal fin. The body
is broader than it is high, and the dorsal fin, which is unusually
long, stands on 19 rings. Tail heptangular to its finely tapering
point. In the head, snout, and general form this genus is con-
nected to the others, which have five fins. It is only by its fin-
LOPHOBRANCHII. 53
less tail that it comes nigh Nerophis. As yet only two species
are known.
1. Stigmatophora Argus, Kp.
Syngnathus argus, Richardson, Voy. of Ereb. § Terror, Sc.
Diagn.—A great number of round black dots on the dorsal
aspect.
Descr.—Snout measured from the fore border of the orbits
twice as long as the distance from thence to the extremity of the
gill-cover. Body, including the breast-ring, composed of 21
rings. The long dorsal fin begins with the 12th rmg and ends
with the 30th, ten of its rings belonging to the body. The anus
is under the 19th. An old female specimen having a length of
8°27 inches, has a head 3°23 inches long, a snout 0°87 inch long,
a tail of 4°65 inches, and a dorsal fin 1°81 inch long. A small
male exhibits an egg-pouch 1°26 inch long, striped with black.
The colour is brownish olive-green, with black edges to the tail.
The under surface of the body and tail is dusky yellow, with a
great many elevated lines on each scale.
Rad.—P. 16; D.52; A.3; C.0.
A specimen obtained by Mr. Stanley in New Guinea exists
in the British Museum ; and there are eight in the Paris Museum
procured by M. Verreaux in Tasmania.
2. Stigmatophora nigra, Ap.
Diagn.—The snout measured from the nostrils as long as the
distance from thence to the base of the pectoral fin. Dorsal
fin attached to the 5th and succeeding rings up to the 22nd
inclusive, eleven of the rings belonging to the body, and
the anus being under the 16th.
Descr.—Snout shorter than that of Argus, and not twice the
length of the head. It is slender, with an elevated mouth. A
furrow runs from the nostril to the mouth, and the dorsal sur-
face of the snout is keeled. From the slightly projecting orbit
a prominent line runs as far as the nostril. A roundish-oval
occipital shield sends a long tongue-shaped projection between
the orbits, and a fine prominent line extends from each orbit to
the hind-head. A prominent line divides the gill-cover into two
unequal parts, of which the upper one is the smaller and is dark-
coloured. Both the occiput and gill-cover are finely shagreened.
Traces of keels exist in the middle of the elongated pectoral
54 LOPHOBRANCHII.
shield, which equals the operculum in length. The colour is
brownish ; the breast and belly and the largest part of the gill-
cover being smutty-yellowish. There are 16 body-rings, and 14
rings belonging to the egg-pouch.
Rad.—P. 12; D. 39; A. 2; C.0.
The Paris Museum possesses two Tasmanian specimens sent
by M. Verreaux.
Subfam. 3. DORYRHAMPHIN#, Kp.
The males have the egg-pouch not on the tail, but on the
breast and belly.
Genus 1. DORYRHAMPHUS, ip.
Diagn.—No pits along the nuchal shield. Rows of spines on
the snout, and two projections on its under part. All the
angles of the body serrated. The border of the egg-pouch
furnished with two tender membranes that completely cover
the eggs. ‘Tail shorter than the body.
1. Doryrhamphus excisus, Kp.
Deser.—I am acquainted with a pair of examples of this species
belonging to the Paris Museum, and five very young ones m the
Berlm Museum, collected by Hemprich and Ehrenberg in the
Red Sea. The largest specimen of the Paris Museum has a
length of 2°44 inches; the head measures 0°51 inch, the body
1:06 inch, the short tail 0°59 inch, and its unusually long fin
0°91 inch. The dorsal fin is 0°28 inch long.
Measured from the fore border of the orbit, the snout is as
long as the distance between the hinder edge of the orbit and
the extremity of the gill-cover. Next the nostril there are three
coalescent spines, and there are six standing close together on
the end of the snout. A row of short spines runs from the under
edge of the orbit, and a row extends from behind the orbit to
above the tubular nostril. The occiput is finely shagreened and
is keeled on its extremity. There are also sundry short promi-
nent lines near the operculum. The operculum itself is divided
into very unequal parts by a keel, the upper part being the
smallest. With the medial keel of the operculum three or four
prominent lines are connected. Near the pectoral fin there is a
keel on the breast-ring, and the fin, which is unusually large, eon-
tains 20 rays. The back is narrow, and there is a furrow above
LOPHOBRANCHII. 55
the breast-ring, in which there lies a short keel that issues from
the occipital one and ends above the gill-opening. There are
12 rings before the dorsal fin, 16 up to the anus, and 14 in the
tail. ‘Twenty rays support the dorsal on 7 rings. The upper
caudal edge reaches forwards to the under border of the 2nd
ring of the dorsal fin; and the caudal fin has 9 or 10 rays.
The colour is brownish-yellow, with a blackish-brown streak
along the side of the snout, through the eye and along the back ;
the lateral line and the tail are also blackish-brown; while the
yellowish caudal is spotted with black. The smaller and younger
female specimen is heptangular, with a black belly, and the
spines of the back and snout are not so fully developed.
Genus 2. CHOEROICHTHYS, Kp.
Diagn.—The short body arched on the back and belly. The
snout destitute of spines and projections on its under part,
slender and rising upwards near the mouth. Lateral line
unusually projecting and uniting with the under edge of the
tail. On the small nuchal shield there are no pits. The
egg-pouches of the males are furnished with a membrane.
The fins are not much developed.
1. Choeroichthys Valencienni, Ap.
Descr.—In the Paris Museum there is a male specimen, which
was sent from the Isle of Bourbon by M. Mathieu. It 1s a di-
minutive but highly interesting form, which I have named as a
testimony of my respect for the great Ichthyologist of the age.
The slender snout measured from the nostrils equals the head
in length, and is furnished with a crest. A prominent line runs
from the hind-head over the eyes to the end of the snout;
another descends from the nostrils down to the under border of
the orbit, and goes on also to the end of the snout, and there is
a third and a fourth on the under borders of the snout. Occiput
rough and, like the nuchal shield and dorsal surface of the breast-
ring, keeled. A keel divides the operculum into two dissimilar
parts. In the upper portion there is an oblique prominent line,
and in the under portion there are seven rough cross-lines.
From the elongated breast-ring to the dorsal fin there are 11
rings; 15 rings up to the anus, and 18 in the tail. The dorsal
stands on 4 body-rings and | caudal ring. ‘The ventral aspect
of the breast-ring is keeled, and near the pectoral fin there are
two elevated lines. Back concave, with toothed edges. Colour
56 LOPHOBRANCHII.
smutty dark brown, with a black caudal having a light border,
and rays yellow and speckled. There are traces of cross-bars
on the tail. The length of the specimen is 1°85 inch, of the
head 0:39 inch, of the snout 0°20 inch, of the dorsal fin 0°20 inch,
of the tail 0°69 inch, and of the caudal fin 0°04 inch. The
height of the body is 0°20 inch, and its breadth on the lateral
lines is 0°14 inch.
Rad.—P. 20; D. 22; A. 3; C. 10.
Genus 3. DORYICHTHYS.
Diagn.—The elongated and compressed snout is devoid of
spmes. Near the gill-cover there are two long thin bones,
jointed to the occiput, which include between them a slit-
shaped cavity. The four-cornered tail is shorter than the
body.
Descr.—The holes on either side of the occiput above the
gills are apparently used to admit water into the interior of the
body. Body higher than broad and having spmy projecting
borders. As far as the dorsal extends the tail is hexangular.
The pectoral fins are broad, but not long; and the dorsal is long,
but not high. The caudal is not much developed, and the anal
is as usual merely rudimentary.
A. The lateral line interrupted near the anus.
1. Doryichthys bilineatus, Heckel.
Diagn.—The borders not distinctly toothed. Body-rings 17.
The dorsal placed on 6 tail-rings.
Descr.—The upper border of the snout twice curved and tra-
versed by three elevated lines. From the fore part of the orbit
to the extremity of the pectoral fin the distance is equal to the
length of the snout. On both sides of the medial line the halves
of the operculum are striped and scarred. The broad forehead
is striated and roughened by raised lines. Two lines in relief
proceed from the orbit, and there is one in the middle of the
occiput. In comparison with that of aeuleatus and pristipeltis
the body is higher and broader, and the tail is longer. ‘There
are 25 caudal rings.
Rad.—P. 18; D. 33; A. 3; C. 10.
The colour is brown, with black specks on the upper border of
the dorsal fin. Caudal fin black.
The Vienna Museum possesses a female specimen.
LOPHOBRANCHII. 57
2. Doryichthys spinosus, Kp.
Syngnathus spinosus, Schlegel.
Sy ngnathus boaja, Bleeker, Bydrag tot den Trosk. Vissch. p. 14.
Diagn.—Serrated projections of the borders of the body.
Before the dorsal fin 20 or 21 rings, and up to the anal ring
23 or 24. Dorsal fin placed on Y rings, of which three are
body-rings. From the medial line of the silvery gill-cover
raised streaks pass over each half of the disk. Caudal rings
from 33 to 38.
Descr.—The longest aud thickest of all, since I have seen a
specimen which reaches the length of 16 inches. Snout very long,
and measuring double the distance between the fore edge of the
orbit and the extremity of the bulging gill-cover. An elevated
line, originating at the hind-head or border of the orbit, surrounds
the quadrantal occiput. A shorter or longer elevated line tra-
verses the middle of the hind-head to its end. Body higher than
broad, brown, with, on each ring, two white stripes bordered with
black, which coalesce with one another near the dorsal fin.
Snout, and also the silvery gill-cover, spotted with black. Eyes
golden. Fins yellowish or dusky brown. Entire length 16°05
inches. Length of head 3°37 inches; of snout 2°09 inches ; of
body 9°18 inches ; of tail 6°86 aches of dorsal fin 1°73 inch.
Height of body 0°71 inch; breadth of pedy 0°59 inch.
Rad.—P. 25; D. 48; A.4; C. 7 or 8
A great number of specimens exist in the Museums of Leyden,
London and Paris, brought from Java, Borneo and Macassar.
A male specimen exhibits an abnormal formation im the right
side only, in that the lateral line unites with the under edge of
the second caudal ring, while in all the others the lateral line is
interrupted.
B. The unbroken lateral line joined by an are near the anus to
the under edge of the tail.
3. Doryichthys Hasselti, Hp.
Syngnathus brachyurus *, Bleeker, Bijdr. p. 16.
Syngnathus fluviatilis, Kuhl et Van Hasselt, MSS.
* Since the name of brachyurus is common to the other members
of the genus, I cannot adopt it as a distinguishing appellation of the
species ; neither can the epithet of fuviatilis be used, because the fish
does not frequent rivers.
DO
58 LOPHOBRANCHII.
Bleeker, op. cit. p. 18. This description is drawn up from
a somewhat imperfect specimen.
Diagn.—The borders of each rmg spinously toothed. Before
the dorsal fin 20 rings, and before the anus 21. The dorsal
placed on 9 rings, the first of which is the anal ring. On
the gill-cover four small prominent lines exist under the
medial one. Tail composed of 23 rings.
Deser.—In a female example belonging to the Leyden Mu-
seum, the snout is twice the length of the head, and is finely
toothed on its dorsal aspect. The somewhat convex occiput is
surrounded by two prominent lines that spring from the orhits,
and has also a medial longitudinal crested line. Height of the
body equal to its breadth. Twenty-three caudal rmgs. Eyes
dark blue. Colour of the body yellowish-brown, with a brown
longitudinal stripe on the edge of the back and passing forwards
through the eye up to the nostril.
Rad.—P.18; D.41; A.4; C.9.
A male specimen procured at Tahiti by Lesson and Garnot
exhibits on the snout traces of eight cross-bars, and a trace of a
longitudinal streak near the lateral line passg over the head to
above the nostril. This specimen wants the tail.
Dimensions of 9 :—Head 1°50 inch, snout 1:02 inch, body
4°73 inches, dorsal 0°83 inch, tail 2°70 inches.
Dimensions of 3 :—Head 1°36 inch, snout 0°83 inch, body
4°36 inches, dorsal 0°87 inch.
This species also attains considerable length, and may easily
be confounded with spinosus.
Hab. Java and Tahiti.
4, Doryichthys pristipeltis.
Diagn.—The edges of the body spmously toothed, and com-
pletely checking the finger when it is drawn atlantad over
them. Twenty body-rings. Dorsal fin standing on 8 cau-
dal rings. Tail composed of 24 rings.
Descr.—Length of the snout equal to two-thirds of that of
the head. No distinct denticulation on the back of the snout,
but there are short spmules on both its sides. A depression be-
tween the elevated orbits. A raised medial line on the occiput,
and one also proceeding from each orbit. Back and belly equally
broad. Length of head 0:99 inch, of snout 0°67 inch, of body
2:99 inches, of tail 1°69 inch.
There is a female specimen in the Vienna Museum unaccom-
panied by an indication of the sea in which it was found.
LOPHOBRANCHII.
5. Doryichthys lineatus, Kp.
Syngnathus lineatus, Valence.
Typhlus D’Orbignyi, Bibron.
Diagn.—F rom 15 to 17 rings before the dorsal fin, and from
18 to 20 before the anus. The dorsal placed on 9 or 10
rings, three of which belong to the body. In well-preserved
specimens there are 3 silvery stripes along the lateral line ;
and on the under part of the snout from 3 to 5 black
spots.
Descr.—The crested snout is nearly twice as long as the head.
Occiput scarred with three prominent lines in the middle, and
two proceeding from the orbit. Rough cross streaks on the gill-
cover, which has ove prominent line in the middle, and beneath
it two or three. From 23 to 27 caudal rings. The ground-
colour is yellowish-brown. Six male specimens from Bahia and
Vera Cruz have a uniform blackish-brown colour, and a bronze
lustre on the head and gill-cover. Length of head 1:02 to 132
inch, of snout from 0°63 to 0°71 inch, of body 3°74 inches, of
dorsal fin 0°79 inch, of the tail 2°56 inches.
Rad.—P. 19; D.40; A.3 or 4; C. 10.
The Paris Museum contains a great many specimens from
Bahia, Mexico and Guadaloupe.
6. Doryichthys auronitens, Ap.
Diagn.—Edges of the body finely toothed, Anterior to the
dorsal there are 18 rings, and 20 up to the anal ring ; 9 rmgs
sustain the dorsal, two of them bemg body-rings. Length
of the tail equal to the distance between the anus and the
front of the orbit.
Descr.—This species presents a slender, greatly elongated and
very rough form. Its snout is longer than the distance between
the fore border of the orbit and the extremity of the first breast-
ring. The crest above the nostrils is toothed. Two prominent
lines traverse the flat gold-coloured operculum beneath the prin-
cipal elevated medial line. Caudal rings 23. Colour brown
with a golden lustre. Two indistinct whitish lines run along
the lateral le.
Rad.—P, 20; D. 41 or 42; A. 3; C.9.
Length of head 0°83 inch, of snout 0°51 inch, of body 0°59
inch, of tail 1°93 inch; height of body 0°16 inch; breadth of
body 0°12 inch.
60 LOPHOBRANCHII.
There is a female specimen in the Leyden Museum, sent from
Macassar by M. Piller.
This species resembles Dor. Dumerili, but is distinguished by
its longer tail and fewer body-rings.
7. Doryichthys Dumerili, Kp.
Diagn.—Edges of the body distinctly toothed, with a long
spine on the end of each ring. There are 16 rings before
the dorsal fin and 18 up to the anal. The dorsal fin stands
on 8 rings, of which two belong to the body. Under the
principal prominent opercular streak, there are three lines
in relief. Tail reaching to half the length of the snout.
Descr.—Length of the snout equal to the distance between
the fore border of the orbit and the root of the pectoral fm. A
toothed crest on the forehead and snout. A line rising in relief
over the nostril up to the mouth, and from the orbits to the
occiput. The edge of the back reaches to the last ring of the
dorsal fin, and the upper edge of the tail ends at the foremost
pair of rings of the dorsal. There are 24 rings in the tail.
Rad.—P. 18 to 20; D. 34; A.3; C.9.
Colour yellowish-brown with numerous dark points. Eyes
and gill-covers silvery and speckled. Caudal fin black. On a
dried example there are two silvery stripes along the lateral
line and rim of the belly. On the tail there are five distinct yel-
lowish silvery longitudinal streaks. Length of head 0°63 inch,
of body 1'81 inch, of dorsal fin 0°47 inch, of tail 1°62 inch.
A specimen in the Paris collection, of unknown origin.
8. Doryichthys millepunctatus, Kp.
Diagn.—Edges of the body serrated; 18 rings before the
dorsal fin and 21 before the anus. Dorsal standing on 9
rings, 7 of them caudal ones. The entire body whitish,
dotted with black on the belly. An interrupted longitudinal
stripe passing over the side through the eye.
Descr.—Snout equal in length to the distance between the
fore part of the orbit and the further extremity of the ring that
supports the pectoral fin. From three to seven prominent lines
under the chief keel in the midst of the gill-cover.
Dimensions of ¢ :—Head 0°83 inch, snout 0°51 inch, body
2°52 inches, dorsal 0°59 inch, tail 1°58 inch.
Dimensions of ¢ :—Head 1°14 inch, snout 0°68 inch, body
3°55 inches, dorsal 0°69 inch, tail 2°05 inches.
LOPHOBRANCHII, 61
Dimensions of 2 :—Head 0°91 inch, snout 0°59 inch, body
2°72 inches, dorsal 0°67 inches, tail 1°58 inch.
Two pairs of males and females from Madagascar. _
A larger male from the Isle of Bourbon has only whitish points
on the scales that project over the egg-pouch. The ground-
colour is blackish-brown. The gill-cover has a golden lustre.
In one specimen I noticed a silvery longitudinal stripe on the
back, but this is probably merely accidental.
Paris Museum.
9. Doryichthys aculeatus, Gray.
Diagn.— Edges of the body toothed ; 20 body-rings ; 17 rings
before the dorsal fin, which stands upon 8, of which three
belong to the body. Caudal rings 24.
Descr.—The specimen which exists in the British Museum, in
a very mutilated condition, came from Egypt, and was the gift
of Dr. John E. Gray. The snout is toothed. Head 0°89 inch
long, snout 0°53 inch, body 2°61 inches, tail 1-93 inch.
Genus 4. HEMITHYLACUS, Kp.
Diagn.—The snout, having a length exceeding that of the
body, has on its dorsal aspect a two-edged border, whose
under part is rounded. The body is compressed.
Descr.—Head finely shagreened, without a crest. Length of
the snout from the middle of the eye equal to that of the head.
The fins are not much developed, with the exception of the dorsal,
which is very long. In the males an egg-pouch extends from the
breast-ring to the anus. At the last ring of the pectoral fin the
edge of the concave back unites with the caudal edge, but a
branch running near the dorsal fin extends to the anal ring. In
age each ring has a scar near its dorsal border, and one also on
the indistinct under-border of the tail-rings. On the indeter-
minate lateral line there are also scars which descend to the
anal ring.
1. Hemithylacus leiaspis, Kp.
Syngnathus leiaspis, Bleeker, Bijdr. p. 20.
Typhlus Goudoti, Bibron, Par. Mus.
Syngnathus micropterus et compressus, Kuhl et V. Hass. MSS.
62 LOPHOBRANCHII.
Descr.—Snout short, the head more’ stretched out and finely
warty. In the oblong operculum there is no distinet trace of a
medial line. Before the dorsal fin there are 13 rings, and 17 up
to the anal ring; each ring being interrupted at its extremity.
From 30 to 33 caudal rigs. The nape and long breast-ring
keeled. A crest more or less distinct exists on the hind-head.
In the young fish there is a prominent line between the orbit
and hind-head.
Rad.—P.17; D.58; A.3; C.9.
Large specimens have the following dimensions : — Total
length 7°29 inches; length of head 0°63 inch; of the distance
between the tip of the snout and anal fin 2:99 inches ; of dorsal
fin 1°46 inch; of tail 4°29 inches. Greatest height from the
middle of the round acutely-ridged belly to the border of the
back 0°35 inch.
A male measuring 6°32 inches has an egg-pouch 1°01 inch
long. Its colour is smutty-brown with paler breast and belly.
The Leyden Museum possesses one male and three female
specimens from Java, and in the Parisian collection there are four
female examples from Madagascar, procured by M. Goudot.
Genus novum, 5. Doryrhamphinarum.
Syngnathus heterosoma, Bleeker, Bijdr. p. 10.
Diagn.—Body lower in the middle than more anteriorly or
posteriorly.
Descr.—Body much elongated, anteriorly heptagonal, poste-
riorly tetragonal, having a height varying from the 28th to the
35th part of its length, somewhat higher than broad, and in the
middle distance between the eye and the anus seeming as if
separated into two parts by a thickish waist. Length of the head
contained five times or five times and a quarter m that of the
body. The rostro-frontal profile is concave before the eyes,
which latter have a diameter amounting to the 10th or 12th part
of the length of the head. Snout about thrice the length oi the
post- ocular portion of the head, compressed, and with a height
at its slenderest part equal to the ninth or tenth of its length.
Crown of the head flattish and wrinkled, with a very low medial
crest. The orbits, and short lateral rostro-ocular, and post-ocular
toothed-crenated. A medial slightly denticulated crest traverses
the operculum longitudinally, and on each side of it there are
more or less divergent acsending or descending strie. Body-
rings 26; caudal ones 31 to 38; each ring being transversely
LOPHOBRANCHII. 63
striated, with interstitial oval or subrhomboidal plates smooth,
and as if divided by a medial impression. The keels of each
shield are slightly retro-serrated, and end in a spine pointing
backwards: the ventral keels, however, have either no spine or
one much shorter than the others, and the medial ventral keel
is so low that the body appears to be hexagonal. In the males
the laminz of the ventral keels from the head down to the vent
are open and erect. The anus is placed in the posterior half of
the body. The tail, excluding its fin, is longer than the trunk
of the body, excluding the head, and a little shorter than the
body and head together. The dorsal fin begins on the 21st
body-ring, half of its length being before the anus, ends on the
7th or 8th caudal ring, and is lower in height than the body.
The anal is small, and the caudal diminutive. Colour of the
dorsal aspect of the body shining green, of the ventral aspect
yellowish or silvery; on the sides there is an oblong brownish
vertical spot in the middle of each shield. The interstitial
laminz are shining and silvery, and there is a black dot at the
base of each spine of the lateral keel. Dorsal and pectoral fins
dilute green, the caudal blackish and the anal yellowish.
Rad.—By. 3; D. 65-68; P. 22, p.m.; A. 4; C. 10?
This description (quoted from Bleeker) leaves me in no doubt
of this species being the type of a genus hitherto undescribed,
which must take its place in my subfamily of Doryrhamphine.
Subfamily 4. NEROPHIN.
The eggs, uncovered by membrane, distributed in rows on the
breast and belly of the males.
Genus 1. MICROPHIS, Kp.
Diagn.—Body heptangular, composed of very rough rings and
continuing of equal thickness up to the elongated tail.
Five fins.
Deser.—Buchanan Hamilton, in his description of euncalus,
remarks that “in September the female has the breast and belly
covered with eggs, which adhere firmly to the scales.” And in
his description of deocata (also of this genus) he says, “but
when the female carries her eggs the splendid colouring fades,
except on the margins of the belly, which are yellow and ex-
panded for the reception of two rows of globular eggs, which
hang to the belly until they are hatched.” Hamilton was not
aware that it is the male and not the female that carries the eggs
64 LOPHOBRANCHII.
until they are hatched and the young come forth. It is impos-
sible to bring the two species here alluded to into the genus
Nerophis, and I am therefore under the necessity of introducing
a new generic name into the science.
1. Microphis deocata, Kp.
Syngnathus deocata, Hamilt. Fish of ihe Ganges, p. 14.
Dr. Gray, Ind. Zool., a figure.
Diagn.—Snout longer than that of cuncalus. Body composed
of 16 rings, the tail of 32.
Deser.—Dorsal fin standing on 6 rings, two of them belonging
to the body. Colour brown generally, bright red under the lateral
line and dotted with blue. The species inhabits the Testa, Kur-
walayi, and other rivers of Puraniya or Mithilla in the north of
Bengal and Behar. I have not seen the species, aud this notice
of it is taken from Buchanan Hamilton’s work above quoted.
Rad.—P. 15; D. 30; A...; C. about 17.
2. Microphis cuncalus, Ap.
Syngnathus cuncalus, Ham. Fish of the Ganges, p. 12. no. 1.
Typhlus Dussumieri, Bibron, MS. Paris Mus.
Diagn.—A prominent line divides the silvery gill-cover into
two similar parts. ‘The lateral line unites in an arch with
the under border of the first caudal rmg. Ten rings; 3 of
them belonging to the body sustain the dorsal fin, before
which there are 14 rings, and up to the anal ring there
are 17.
Descr.—The uncommonly rich Parisian collection possesses
seven female specimens, which were sent from Malabar by Dus-
sumier. It is an easily distinguished species, slender, elongated,
and up to the extremity of the dorsal fin equally thick. The
somewhat up-turned snout projects _a little from the fore-
border of the orbit, and is traversed mwardly by a prominent
line, which extends from the hind-head to the nasal end.
Occipital shield rhomboidal and keeled. Tail somewhat longer
than the body, composed of 25 to 27 rings. The upper dorsal
edge reaches to the last ring, and the edge of the tail extends to
over the anal rmg. Snout dark brown, and the body has dark
bands down to the lateral lme. The caudal cross-bands are
LOPHOBRANCHII. 65
broader and encircle the tail. There is a white border to the
black caudal fin.
Rad.—P. 16; D. about 50; A. 2; C.8 or 9.
Length of the body 1:77 inch, of the head 0:46 inch, of the
dorsal fin 0°67 inch, of the tail 2:17 inches, of the caudal fin
0°24 inch.
Hamilton’s excellent account of the species represents the
colour and markings in the following terms. The colour is green
on the dorsal aspect, white on the ventral one, with a silvery
lustre on the sides. Divers dark lines crossing each other on
the back form a network, and on each side a longitudinal stripe
is formed by rows of spots. Hamilton procured this fish from
the mouths of the Ganges near Calcutta.
Dr. Bleeker says of his Microphis cuncalus that the body is
composed of 22 rings, the tail of 22, and that the dorsal fin
stands on 8 rings, of which two belong to the body. If these
numbers are correct, the cuncalus of Bleeker cannot be that «
Hamilton.
Genus 2. NEROPHIS, Rajfinesque (1810).
Nerophis et Syngnathus, Rafinesque.
Acus, (Willighby) Swainson (1839).
Acestra, Jardine.
Nematosoma, Hichw. (a term previously used by Koch to desig-
nate a genus of Spiders) (1839).
Scyphus, Risso (1826).
Diagn.—Neither pectoral nor anal fin. Body cylindrical,
without distinct edges.
a. Species having a rudimentary caudal fin.
1. Nerophis anguineus.
Syngnathus anguineus, Jenyns, Cat. Brit. Vert.
Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, p. 445, a figure.
Syngnathus ophidion, Bloch, pl. 91. f. 3. (Bloch and his draughts-
man have overlooked the caudal fin, none being represented
in the figure.)
Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. p. 453. pl. 179.
Diagn.—Length of the cylindrical snout equal to the distance
between the front of the orbit and the extremity of the gill-
plate. Colour uniform.
66 LOPHOBRANCHII.
Descr.—A greatly elongated species having a long slender
tail. Body feebly octangular. Head constituting one-eleventh
of the whole length. Body-rings 28; caudal rings 64 or 65.
Dorsal fin supported by 38 rays on 12 rings. Candal fin having
5 rays. The males carry two rows of eggs. The colour is a
uniform olive-green, the eyes being red. It has been taken on
the Irish coast, between Brownsey and North Haven, and also
in the North Sea and Mediterranean. The British Museum con-
tas a specimen in spirits taken on the coast of Dorsetshire,
and another caught off Berwick. A great many exist in the
Paris Museum.
2. Nerophis Heckeli, Ap.
Diagn.—At the first glance this fish appears to be trigonal ;
but the two lateral lines, the acutely-ridged back, and the
keeled belly render the body really octangular.
Descr.—The specimen in the Vienna Museum resembles an-
guineus, but the body is more slim, very thin at the broadest part,
which is from the 17th to the 29th body-rmg. Measured from
the fore border of the orbit, the snout is as long as the distance
between the same spot and the extremity of the gill-cover. Both
the snout and the deep forehead are keeled. The gill-cover
and hind-head are finely streaked. Of the 10 rigs on which
the dorsal fin stands, three belong to the body. This fin has 38
or 39 rays, the caudal 5. There are 28 body-rings and 67 caudal
ones. Length of the fish 9°34 inches, of tail 4°93 inches, of
head 0°75 inch.
The only specimen known to me is a female one in the Vienna
Museum brought from Bogota.
3. Nerophis zquoreus.
Syngnathus eequoreus, Linn. Syst. i. p. 417.
Montagu, Wern. Mem. i. p. 85. t. 4. f. 1.
Penn. Brit. Zool. i. p. 188.
Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, p. 442, a figure.
Fries in Wiegm. Arch. 1838, p. 246. t. 11. f. 3 (the head).
Diagn.—Length of the snout from the front of the orbit equal
to the distance from thence to the extremity of the gill-
cover. Forehead convex between the eyes. Caudal fin
short and abrupt, of six rays.
Descr.—The handsomest and biggest species, attaining a
LOPHOBRANCHII. 67
length of 2 feet. Body composed of 29 or 30 rings, and the
tail of from 68 to 70. The head forms the twelfth or thirteenth
part of the whole length. The female has a rudimentary dorsal
fin and an octangular body, while the male has a more flat back
and belly. Dorsal extended on from 40 to 44 rays, and standing
on 12 or 13 rings, of which three belong to the tail. The wide
and long anal opening is in the female nearly in the middle of
the fish, but in the male it is placed nearer to the head. The
eggs are attached to the male in from eight to ten rows. Colour
brownish-yellow or beautiful deep yellow, approaching to olive-
green on the back, and crossed on the body by silvery-white
bars edged with brown.
This species has till now been found only on the south-west
coast of Scotland, in Ireland, the Isle of Man, at Havre, and in
Norway. A female measuring 20°01 inches has the head 1°65
inch long, the tail 9°75 inches, and the dorsal fin 3°15 inches
long.
4, Nerophis martinicensis, Kp.
Syngnathus martinicensis, Bibron.
Diagn.—Snout measured from the front of the orbit as long
as the distance from thence to the extremity of the gill-
cover. There are 21 rings before the dorsal fin, and 28 up
to the anal ring. The dorsal contains 42 rays, and stands
on 11 rings, whereof four belong to the body. In the tail
there are 64 rings.
This species resembles equoreus, but it is uniformly blackish,
and has a longer tail. The Paris Museum possesses examples of
it through the exertions of M. Plée.
5. Nerophis hymenolomus.
Syngnathus hymenolomus, Richardson, Voy. of Ereb. & Terr.,
Fishes, p. 52. pl. 30. f. 11-13.
Diagn.—A cutaneous fin extends along the back, belly and
tail, leaving only the under part of the tail naked.
Deser.—Sir John Richardson’s excellent description of this
very interesting species is here quoted in his own words :—
“In this Syngnathus, the vent isa very little posterior to the
middle, and the body is much compressed, with flatly convex
sides, edged on the dorsal and ventral lie by broad, thickish,
opake folds of skin, which double its height. The shields by
68 LOPHOBRANCHII.
which the body is protected show very slightly through the in-
tegument, and are not angular. The upper cutaneous border
is interrupted on the twenty-first shield, on the hinder part of
which the dorsal begins and is continued to the thirty-third
shield. On the thirty-fourth shield the border again appears,
but not so broad, and it goes on decreasing in height to the
eighty-eighth, where it ends; the tail at the same time growing
more and more slender, and ending in a narrow point, but sup-
porting a very small caudal, with eight simple jointed rays. The
under cutaneous border ends just before the anus, around which
there is a dense patch of villi, which conceal the orifice, and
cover a space of the length of a shield and a half.
“The snout, measured to the fore-part of the orbit, is one-
twenty-fourth part of the entire length of the fish ; and the head,
from the tip of the snout to the end of the operculum, forms
between the twelfth and thirteenth part. The snout is compressed,
obtuse above, and more acute below. A flattish space, with a
faint mesial ridge equal to a diameter of the orbit, separates the
eyes above. A smooth, somewhat elevated superciliary ridge on
each side of this space, and extending to the nostrils, renders it
concave. The operculum is obtusely oval, and it shows little
pits on its surface, disposed in lines. Other parts of the head
and snout show similar pits as the fish dries ; but in the recent
state the bones must be tolerably well covered by the integu-
ments, and there are no rough ridges or angular points, except
a projection apparently of the suboperculum, which is joined to
its fellow underneath, and points directly downwards below the
short vertical limb of the preoperculum. The gill-opening is
very minute, and is pierced over the posterior quarter of the
operculum.
“* All the specimens have been kept long in spirits, and havea
dull brownish tint, without spots.
** Dimensions :—
inches.
* Length from end of snout to tip of tail...... 12°05
** Length from end of snout to vent.......... 615
** Length from end of snout to end of gill-plate. 0°95
“ Length from end of snout to gill-opening.... 0°91
** Length from end of snout to eye .......... 0°50
“ Length from vent to tip of tail ............ 5°90
** Some specimens measure 5 or 6 inches more in length.
* Hab. The Falkland Islands.”
The two nostrils are shortly tubular and placed obliquely. In
a female I found two ovaries of equal length, and measuring
2°21 inches. That which we observe in very young examples of
LOPHOBRANCHII. 69
Nerophis lumbriciformis, viz. the cutaneous fin on the back and
belly which vanishes in the older fish, forms a character to this
species throughout its entire life.
b. Species destitute of a caudal fin.
6. Nerophis annulatus, Kp.
Seyphus annulatus, fasciatus et papacinus, Risso, Hist. Nat.
pp. 185-187.
Syngnathus fasciatus, Risso, Ichth. di Nice, p. 70. pl. 4. f. 8.
Syngnathus papacinus, Risso, Ichth. di Nice, p. 69. pl. 4. f. 7.
Dicgn.—Length of the snout exceeding the height of hind-
head. A yellow stripe and spot bordered with black ex-
tending from the hinder part of the orbit over the gill-cover.
Head constituting a sixteenth part of the entire length of
the fish.
Risso describes the species under three several names. An
old female possesses all the characters that he ascribes to
fasciatus : it exhibits on each ring a dark cross-band. A male
preserved in the Vienna Museum under the name of papacinus
exhibits bluish spots surrounded with black: the under half of
the belly shows rows of scars without eggs. A young female of
the length of 6°30 inches is uniformly dark brownish-green with-
out eross-bars or spots: head and posterior half of the tail
marked as in the others. In a large number of specimens I
could not reckon above 26 or 28 rays in the dorsal fin. In the
old female, whose head I have figured, the sixth ray of the
dorsal is abnormally forked. The dimensions of an old female
are as follows :—Length of body 3°55 inches, of tail 7-09 inches.
A specimen in the Leyden Museum was sent from the Cape
by M. Horstock. Another in the Paris collection came from
Algiers. This collection possesses a great many of all ages
which were fished at Nizza.
7. Nerophis lumbriciformis, Bonap.
Nerophis lumbriciformis, Bonap. Cat. Méth. p. 91. no.818.
Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, p. 450, a figure.
Acus lumbriciformis, Willughby, p. 160.
Syngnathus ophidion, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. p.187. & p. 26. no. 22.
Syngnathus lumbriciformis, Fries, Wiegm. Arch. p. 249. t. 6.
f.. SiGe
70 LOPHOBRANCHII.
Diagn.—Length of the snout equal to the height of the hind-
head. A yellowish streak passing from the orbit over the
marbled gill-cover. A yellowish stripe also from beneath
the eye to the under part of the snout.
Descr.—This species is proportionally shorter than annulatus,
and its snout is more compressed towards its extremity. It has
18 or 19 body-rings and 48 or 50 caudal rings. The dorsal fin
having 26 rays stands on 7 rings, of which two belong to the
body. The head forms one-eleventh or one-twelfth part of the
length of the body. Colour dark olive-green, with lighter spots
on the head and back. Eggs disposed in four rows on the males.
Professor Fries observed in the year 1837 that very young mem-
bers of this species possessed pectoral fins, and that the tail is
encompassed by a fin-like membrane. Except the portion re-
quired in the construction of the permanent dorsal, this mem-
brane is cast off at a later period in a way similar to that in which
the tadpoles lose their tails. This process should be considered
in connexion with the structure of N. hymenolomus, which, as
has been already remarked, retains the cutaneous appendage
during its life. Lumbriciformis is common on the English coast,
and apparently also in the North Sea, on the German shores. A
female specimen from China, belonging to the British Museum,
exhibits no difference whatever from the European examples.
8. Nerophis ophidion, Bon«ap.
Syngnathus aphition, Linn. Syst.i. sp. 417. no.5; Faun. Suec.
dey Hailheus opelde
; Eokstrim, die Fische von Mérko, t. 6. f. 3,4.
Yarr. Brit. Fishes, p. 447, a figure.
Worm Pipe-fish, Jenyns, Brit. Verteb. p. 488.
Syngnathus ophidion, Fries, Wiegm. Arch. 1838, p. 248. t. 6. f. 4.
Nerophis ophidion, Bonap. Cat. Méth. p. 91.
Diagn.—The straight, acutely crested snout is as long as the
distance between the hinder edge of the orbit and the ex-
tremity of the gill-cover. It is as high as the hind-head,
and is acutely ridged on its under part.
Descr.—This species is one of the slenderest, and in many
pomts differs from the preceding ones. Traces of prominent
lines on the compressed body and sharply-ridged belly render it
heptangular. The body consists of from 29 to 31 rings, the tail
of about 60 rmgs. ‘The dorsal fin having from 34 to 38 rays
stands on 10 or 11 rings, of which three belong to the body. In
LOPHOBRANCHII. 71
the male the anus is nearly in the middle; but in the female it
is situated more posteriorly, and thence the body is rendered
longer. On the flatter belly of the male there are three or four
rows of eggs.
The species is rare on the English coasts, but is common in
the Swedish seas. In numbers the females surpass the males.
The colour is olive-green, yellowish on the belly, with numerous,
frequently round, bluish-white spots on the sides. Azure-blue
stripes traverse the gill-cover. The Paris Museum possesses
specimens from Naples, sent by M. Savigny ; and from Algiers
through Guichenot. These were named in the Museum, Syn-
gnathus Rissoi.
9. Nerophis teres, Bonap.
Seyphus teres, Rathke.
Diagn.—The slenderest of all the species, and very nearly
related to ophidion, but having a longer tail.
Descr.—Snout very slender, andwhen measured from the centre
of the eyes equal to the length from thence to the extremity of
the gill-cover. A keel traverses the snout and the middle of the
forehead between the eyes. Head and snout scarred. Dorsal
fin standing upon 11 rings, three of which belong to the body
and the remainder to the tail. A female specimen from the
Crimea, which I obtained through the kindness of Dr. Heckel
from Vienna, has a body 1°97 inch long, and a tail measuring
2°99 inches. It has 28 body-rings and 70 caudal rings. Another
female had the body 3:1] inches long, and a tail of 3°78 inches.
A male measures along the body 2°72 inches, and along the tail
3°35 inches.
The examples in the Paris Museum were collected by Nord-
mann, and those at Wellenstalt came also from the same learned
traveller and zoologist.
—
MIs oN
Le
LOPHOBRANCHIL
(The Museums in which the specimens are preserved, and
the Seas wherein they were procured, are named. |
Fam. 1. SOLENOSTOMIDZ, Kaup.
Genus 1. SoLenostomus, Lacépéde.
. S.paradoxus, Lac. Five ex. in the Paris collection.
Waby Lait. Asia.
Fam. 2. PEGASID.®, Kaup (Bonap. in part).
Genus 2. Pecasus, Linn.
. P. laternarius, Cuv. In every collection.
Raols t..2: China ; Indian Ocean.
. P. natans, Linn. In the Paris collection.
Fab. 1. £3. Indian Ocean ; Polynesia.
. P. Draco, Linn. In almost every collection.
Tab. I. f. 4. Asia.
Fam. 3. SYNGNATHID, Bonap.
A. Subfam. Hippocampin&, Borap.
Genus 3. Hippocampus, Cuv.
. H. brevirostris, Cuv. In all collections. Europe.
. H. japonicus, Kaup. Leyden. Tab. I. f. 5, 5a. Asia.
H. Monikei, Bleeker. (H. fasciatus, Kaup. Leyden.) Asia.
8. H. Lichtensteinii, Kaup. Berlin. ?
9. H, guttulatus, Cuv. Common. Tab. 1V.f.3. Europe,
Asia, America.
10. H. ramulosus, Leach. London, Paris, Berlin,
Frankfort. ‘Tab. I. f. 6. Africa.
11. H. comes, Cantor. Leyden, Paris, London, India
House) “Tab: I! £.:7°; Tab: II. f. 3a; 6; £45
man. Ll. f.4: Tab. IVO£-T a, 3b; c,d. Asia.
12. H. longirostris, uv. Paris, London. Tab. III. f. 2.
South America.
13. H. bicuspis, Kaup. Paris. Tab. III. f.1. West Africa.
14. H. algiricus, Kaup. Paris (single specimen). Africa.
15. H. punctulatus, Kaup. Leyden (single speci-
men). Tab. II. f. 1. West Africa.
16. H. mannulus, Cantor. Leyden, Paris, Vienna. Asia.
17. H. marginalis, Heckel. Vienna. Mexico.
18. H. fascicularis, Heckel. Vienna. Mexico.
19. H. levicaudatus, Heckel. Vienna (single speci-
men)s a bab. il. £1 2. N. America.
20. H. coronatus, Temm. et Schl. Leyden (single
specimen). Tab. IV. f. 2. Japan.
21. H. histrix, Kaup. Paris, Leyden. Tab. II. f.5. Japan.
24.
bo
or
26. Ph. foliatus, Swains. London, Paris. Australia.
B. Subfam. SyNGNATHIN«, Kaup.
Genus 8. Haticampus, Kaup.
27. Hal. conspicillatus, Kaup. London, Paris. Australia,
LOPHOBRANCHII. 13
. H. abdominalis, Lesson. Paris, London. Tab. III.
i; 3. Australia.
Genus 4. ACENTRONURA, Kaup.
. Ae. gracillima, Temm. & Schl. Leyden (single
specimen). Japan.
Genus 5. GASTEROTOKEUS, Heckel.
G. biaculeatus, Heckel. Paris, London, Leyden,
Berlin, Vienna. Asia.
Genus 6. SoLENOGNATHUS, Swainson.
. S. Hardwickii, Swains. London, Paris, Leyden,
Vienna. Asia.
Genus 7. PHYLLOPTERYX, Swainson.
E
32. C. fasciatus, Gray, Bleeker. Paris, London, Ley-
den, Berlin. China, Indian Ocean, Red Sea.
33, C. vittatus, Kaup. Paris (single specimen). Brazils.
34. C. gastrotenia, Kaup. Paris. Wahai, Ceram.
35. C. brevirostris, Kaup. Frankfort, London, Stutt-
gardt. Red Sea.
36.? C.? dactyliopherus, Bleeker. Java.
Genus 11. IcuhTHyocampus, Kaup.
37. I. Belcheri, Kaup. London, Leyden. China, Borneo.
38. I. carce, Kaup. Leyden (single specimen). Java.
39. I. ponticerianus, Kaup. Paris, Leyden, Berlin. Asia.
Genus 12. Synenatuus, Linn.
40. S. argyrostietus, Kuhl & V. Hass. Leyden. Java.
41. S. biserialis, Gray. London. India.
42. S. spicifer, Riippell. Frankfort, Paris, Leyden. Africa.
43. S. Kuhlii, Kaup. Leyden, Paris. Java.
44. S. flavescens, Kaup. Leyden (single specimen). Tripoh.
45. S. pelagicus, Lim. Inall the Museums. The whole world.
46. S. Temminckii, Kaup. Leyden (single specimen).
Cape of Good Hope.
47. S. brevirostris. Hempr. & Ehrenb. Berlin. Trieste.
48. S. Agassizi, Michahelles. London, Paris, Vienna,
Berl, Leyden. S. Europe.
49. S. Cuvieri, Kaup. Leyden, Paris. N. Europe.
50. S. abaster, Risso. Paris. Mediterranean.
51. S. Murena, Kaup. London, Paris. Africa.
52. S. Rousseaui, Kaup. Paris. Martinica.
53. S. Phlegon, Risso. Paris, London, Vienna, Leyden.
Mediterranean, Cape of Good Hope.
54. S. Acus, Linn. In all collections. N. of Europe.
59. 8. brachyrhynchus, Kaup. Paris (single specimen).
Isle of France.
56. S. variegatus, Pallas. Paris, Berlin. Taurica.
57. S. rubescens, Risso. Paris, Leyden. Eastern Atlantic.
LOPHOBRANCHII.
Genus 9. TRACHYRHAMPHUS, Kaup.
. T. serratus, Kaup. Leyden, Paris, Vienna. Asia.
. T. longirostris, Kaup. London (single specimen). Asia.
. T. intermedius, Kaup. Paris (single specimen). ? Asia.
Genus 10. CoryTHoicuTuHys, Kaup.
. C. albirostris, Heckel. Vienna, Stuttgardt. S. America.
69,
70.
Al.
“I
bo
SIs“
SO
LOPHOBRANCHII. 70
. 8. tenuirostris, Rathke. London, Paris, Leyden,
Berlin, Vienna. - S. of Europe.
. 8. fasciatus, Tam. & Kay. Paris. N. America.
. S. Delalandi, Kaup. Paris, Berlin. Cape of Good Hope.
. S. Sehlegeli, Kaup. Leyden, Paris, London. Japan, China.
Genus 13. Lepronortus, Kaup.
2. L. Blainvillii, Kaup. London, Paris, Berlin.
S. America, Australia.
. L, semistriatus, Kaup. London (single specimen). 2
Genus 14. SrpHonostomus, Rafinesque.
. Siph. pyrois, Bonap. Vienna. Mediterranean.
. Siph. typhle, Bonap. In all collections. N. of Europe.
. Siph. Rondeletii, Kaup. Paris. Mediterranean.
. Siph. argentatus, Kaup. Paris. Trieste.
. Siph. rotundatus, Bonap. Paris. Trieste.
Genus 15, Leprércutuys, Kaup.
L. fistularius, Kaup. Paris (single specimen).
King George’s Sound.
Genus 16. StrgmMatTopuHora, Kaup.
St. Argus, Kaup. London, Paris. Australia.
St. nigra, Kaup. Paris (single specimen). Tasmania.
C. Subfam. DoRYRHAMPHIN &, Kaup.
Genus 17. DoryruAmpuus, Kaup.
. D. excisus, Kaup. Paris, Berlin. Tab. III. f.5. Red Sea.
Genus 18. CHOEROICcHTHYS, Kaup.
. Ch. Valencienni, Kaup. Paris (single specimen).
als, 1. f. 6. Isle of France.
Genus 19. DoryicuTuys, Kaup.
. D. bilineatus, Heck. Vienna. Tab. I. f. 8. 2? Asia.
D. spinosus, Kaup. Leyden, London, Paris. Asia.
D. Hasselti, Kaup. Leyden, Paris. Java, Tahiti.
E2
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=—oCowoonl
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83.
84.
422 2 222245
LOPHOBRANCHII,
. D. pristipeltis, Heck. Vienna. 2
. D. lineatus, Kaup. Paris, Stuttgardt, Berlin. &. America.
. D. auronitens, Kaup. Leyden (single specimen). Macassar.
. D. Dumerili, Kaup. Paris (single specimen). 2
» D. millepunctatus, Kaup. Paris (single specimen).
Madagascar.
. D. aculeatus, Gray. London (single specimen). Egypt.
Genus 20. Hemiruy.acus, Kaup.
H. Goudotii, Kaup. Paris, Leyden. Madagascar, Java.
Syngnathus heterosoma, Bleeker. In no European
collection. Borneo, in rivers.
D. Subfam. Neropuin as, Kaup.
Genus 21. Micropuis, Kaup.
. M. deocata, Kaup. In none of the public collections. Asia.
. M. cuncalus, Kaup. Paris. Malabar.
Genus 22. Neropuis, Rafinesque.
. anguineus, Kaup. London, Paris. N. Europe.
. Heckeli, Kaup. Vienna. Bogota.
. equoreus, Kaup. London, Leyden, Paris, &c. N. Europe.
martinicensis, Kaup. Paris. Martinica.
hymenolomus, Kaup. London, Vienna. Falkland Isles.
annulatus, Kaup. Paris, London, Leyden, &c.
S. Europe.
. lumbriciformis, Bonap. London, Paris, Vienna.
N. Europe, Spain.
. ophidion, Bonap. London, Paris. S. § N. Europe.
teres, Bonap. Paris, Vienna. Taurica,
&
FordaWest ap.
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:
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List: OF PLATES;
Tab. I. fig. 1. Solenostomus paradoxus, p. 2.
2. Pegasus laternarius, p. 3.
3. Pegasus natans, p- 4.
4. Pegasus Draco, p. 5.
5, 5a, Hippocampus japonicus, p. 7.
6. Hippocampus ramulosus, p. 10.
7. Hippocampus comes, p. 10.
8. Doryichthys bilineatus, p. 56.
Tab. I. fig. 1. Hippocampus punctulatus, p- 14.
2. Hippocampus levicaudatus, p. 16.
3,3, b. Hippocampus comes (moluceensis), p. 11
4. Hippocampus comes, p. 10.
5. Hippocampus histrix, p. 17.
6. Choeroichthys Valencienni, p- 5o.
‘Tab. TI. fig. 1. Hippocampus bicuspis, p. 13.
7 2. Hippocampus longirostris, p. 12.
3. Hippocampus abdominalis, p. 17. ‘
4. Hippocampus comes, p. 10.
5. Doryrhamphus excisus, p. 54.
Tab. IV. fig. 1, 1a, 6,¢,d. Hippocampus comes, p. 10.
2. Hippocampus coronatus, p. 16.
3. Hippocampus guttulatus, p. 9.
———— : = z= ~ =
abaster, 39.
abdominalis, 17.
Acentronura, 18.
aculeatus, 61.
Acus, 41, 44. 49.
. gequoreus, 66.
Agassizi, 37.
’ albirostris, 25.
algiricus, 13.
anceps, 4.
alguineus, 65.
annulatus, 69.
antiquatus, 9.
Argus, 53.
argyrostictus, 33.
auronitens, 59.
Belcheri, 30.
biaculeatus, 19.
bicuspis, 13.
bilineatus, 56.
biserialis, 33.
Blainvillii, 46.
Blochii, 19.
brachyrhynchus, 42.
brevirostris, 7, 8, 28,
Vie
carce, 30.
Cataphractus, 3, 4, 5.
Choeroichthys, 55.
comes, J0.
compressus, 27, 61.
conspicillatus, 22.
coronatus, 16.
Corythoichthys, 25.
cristato-serrato, 23.
cuncalus, 64.
Cuvieri, 38.
INDEX.
dactyliopherus, 28.
Delalandi, 45.
deocata, 64.
djarong, 33, 46.
D’Orbignii, 59.
Doryichthys, 56.
Doryrhamphus, 54.
Draco, 5.
Dumerili, 60.
Dussumieri, 64.
excisus, 54.
fasciatus, 8, 25, 45, 69.
fascicularis, 15.
fasciolatus, 27.
ferrugineus, 43.
Fistularia, 51.
fistularius, 52.
flavescens, 35.
fluviatilis, 57.
foliatus, 21.
Gasterotokeus, 18.
gastrotenia, 27.
Goudoti, 27, 61.
gracillima, 18.
Gravi, 22.
guttulatus, 9.
heematopterus, 25.
Halicampus, 22.
Hardwickii, 20.
Hasselti, 57.
Heckeli, 66.
Hemithylacus, 61.
heptagonus, 31.
heterosoma, 62.
Hippichthys, 31.
Hippocampus, 6.
histrix, 17.
hymenolomus, 67.
Ichthyocampus, 29.
intermedius, 24.
japonicus, 7, 12.
kuda, 10.
Kublii, 34.
leevicaudatus, 16.
laternarius, 3.
leiaspis, 61.
Leptoichthys, 51.
Leptonotus, 46.
Lichtenstein, 8.
lineatus, 59.
.
longirostris, 10, 12, 24.
luculentus, 37.
lumbriciformis, 69.
mannulus, 14.
marginalis, 15.
martinicensis, 67.
micrognathus, 27.
Microphis, 63.
micropterus, 61.
millepunctatus, 60.
moluccensis, 10.
Monikei, 8.
Murena, 40.
natans, 4.
Nerophis, 68.
niger, 53.
obsoletus, 40.
ophidion, 65, 69, 70.
papacinus, 69.
paradoxus, 2.
Pegasus, 3.
pelagicus, 36, 48.
Phlegon, 41.
Phyllopteryx, 20.
80
pictus, 25.
platygnathus, 30.
polyprion, 20.
ponticerianus, 3].
pristipeltis, 58.
pristis, 4.
punctulatus, 14.
pyrois, 48.
ramulosus, 10.
rhynchenus, 50.
Rondeletii, 7, 50.
rotundatus, 51.
Rousseaui, 40.
INDEX.
rubescens, 43.
Schlegeli, 46.
semistriatus, 47.
serratus, 23.
Siphonostomus, 48.
Solegnathus, 18.
Solenognathus, 19.
Solenostomus, 2.
spicifer, 34.
spinosus, 57.
Stigmatophora, 52.
sundaicus, 46.
Syngnathoides, 18.
FINIS.
Syngnathus, 32.
teenioptera, 11.
teniopterus, 21.
Temminckii, 36.
tenuirostris, 44, 46.
teres, 71.
Trachyrhamphus, 25.
typhle, 45, 49.
Valencienni, 55.
variegatus, 42.
viridis 50.
vittatus, 26.
*rinted by TAyLor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.
CATALOGUES
THE ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTION
IN
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List of Mammalia. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e. 1843, 2s.6d.
Catalogue of the Mammalia. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e.
Part 1. Cetacea. 12mo, 1850. 4s., with Plates.
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List of Mammalia and Birds of Nepaul, presented by B. H.
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and G. R. Gray. 12mo. 1846. 2s.
List of Genera of Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. 12mo, 1855. 4s.
List of Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. &c.
Part 1. Raptorial. Edition 1, 1844; edition 2, 1848. 3s.
Part 2. Passeres. Section I. Fissirostres. 1848. 2s.
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List of British Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. &c. 12mo. 1850. 4s.
List of the Eggs of British Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. &e.
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Part 2. Batrachia Gradientia. 12mo, 1850. 2s. 6d. With
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Catalogue of Fish, collected and described by L. T, Gronow
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N.B.—These Catalogues can be obtained at the Secretary’s Office
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iF
June 1855. AP.
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